PSY 150_ CYP 2

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Cosumnes River College *

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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PSY 150: CYP 2 1. What are the 4 types of data sources? List each of them, give a brief definition, and at least one example. The 4 types of data sources include life data (L), observer data (O), test data (T), and self report data (S). Life data is data that can be attained through an individual's life history. Life data could include school, criminal and/or employment records. Observer data consists of data that is coded by other individuals. An example of observer data includes data coded peers. Test data consists of data derived from both standardized and experimental data. An example of test data included standardized tests. Self report data refers to information that individuals provide about themselves through direct questioning or surveys. Examples of self-report data include interviews and/or questionnaires. . 2. Some research in personality psychology uses the experimental approach, other research uses the correlational approach. Define each approach briefly and give an example. Why are both needed? Let's say you want to study the link between negative emotion and suicidal ideation--could you justify ethically doing an experimental study on that topic? Experimental Approach: The experimental approach involves manipulating variables in order to determine cause-and-effect relationships. - Example: researchers may conduct an experiment to examine how different levels of stress impact an individual's personality traits. Correlational Approach: The correlational approach involves examining the relationship between variables without manipulating them. - Example: researchers may investigate the association between extraversion and job satisfaction by surveying a group of individuals and later analyzing their responses. Why Are Both Approaches Needed? Both the experimental and correlational approaches are needed because together they provide complementary insights. By utilizing both approaches, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of personality and its relationship with various factors. On its own, the experimental approach allows researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables which helps determine if changes in one variable directly lead to changes in another. It allows researchers to test hypotheses and draw conclusions about causal relationships between personality traits and other factors. Similarly, the correlational approach is valuable as it allows for the examination of naturally occurring relationships between variables without manipulating them. It helps identify associations and patterns between different variables which is useful when it is not feasible or ethical to manipulate variables in an experiment.The experimental approach provides causal insights, while the correlational approach reveals associations and trends in real-world settings. Ethical Experiment on Suicidal Ideation? When it comes to researching sensitive topics like the link between negative emotion and suicidal ideation, ethical considerations are of utmost importance. Conducting an experimental study on this topic

PSY 150: CYP 2 may raise ethical concerns due to the potential harm it could cause to participants therefore it would be challenging to ethically justify conducting an experimental study that intentionally induces negative emotions or suicidal ideation in participants. This would be unethical as they could potentially harm participants' mental well-being and or cause distress. To research sensitive topics like suicidal ideation researchers should focus on surveying individuals and examine any naturally occurring associations between negative emotions and suicidal thoughts as this allows researchers can gain valuable insights without directly causing harm to participants. In psychological research, ethical guidelines were created in order to ensure that research is conducted both responsibly and with consideration for participants' welfare. 3. What are the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality assessment? What can you say about their (relative) strengths and weaknesses? The Nomothetic Approach The nomothetic approach to personality assessment focuses on identifying general traits and principles that apply to a large group of people. It seeks to uncover universal patterns and constructs that can be used to describe and understand personality. This approach typically involves using standardized measures and comparing individuals to a normative group. There are a plethora of strengths in this approach as it allows for comparisons and generalizations across individuals which ultimately provides a broader understanding of personality. Moreover, the use of standardized measures in this approach allows for both efficient data collection and efficient data analysis. Limitations of this approach include the fact that it overlooks individual differences in personality, as it focuses on generalizations. It may also rely heavily on self-report measures, which can be influenced by biases. The Idiographic Approach The idiographic approach emphasizes the uniqueness and individuality of each person as it aims to understand the specific characteristics, experiences, and dynamics that make each individual distinct. This approach involves in-depth qualitative methods such as interviews, case studies, or narrative analysis in order to gain a deeper understanding of an individual's personality. A strength with this approach is that since it focuses on individual experiences, it has the ability to focus on an individuals’ personality in a far more detailed manner. Qualitative methods used in this approach, like interviews and case studies, allow for in-depth exploration and analysis. A limitation to this approach includes the fact that it may be time-consuming and difficult to generalize to larger populations. 4. What do you know about correlations? Make sure you cover: (a) what is the highest and lowest number a correlation can be? (b) what do these correlations mean: +.30? .08? -.45? (c) What is the correlation between taking a daily aspirin and living without a heart attack for the next 10 years? (d) What is a typical correlation in research, such as in a study of the link between self-reported extraversion and attaining a leadership function in your sorority/fraternity? You read a study on this topic and the authors claim a correlation of .89--what do you think about that result? (e) Does correlation imply a causal influence of variable A on variable B? Illustrate your answer by discussing the finding that physical height is correlated with performance on intelligence tests.

PSY 150: CYP 2 A correlation is a statistical measure of effect size. a) The highest number a correlation can be is 1, the lowest is -1. b) +.30 is a moderate positive correlation, +.08 is a weak positive correlation, -45 is a moderate negative correlation. c) .80 for a heart attack, d) 0 e) No correlation doesn't equal causation. No physical height does not cause or impact performance on intelligence tests. 5. Define reliability as presented in lecture and make a table with the 4 major kinds of reliability indexes, showing what aspect of generalizability each of them covers. For example, interjudge agreement examines generalizability across ... Is a retest correlation of .80 OK? How about a retest correlation of .35? In lecture, reliability was defined as the extent to which measurements in research have the ability to be replicated due to their overall stability, consistency, and “dependability”. A retest correlation of.80 is “OK” as it is close to 1. A retreat correlation of .35 is not “OK” as a .35 proves to be weak. 4 Major Types of Reliability Indexes: Generalizable across: Retest Reliability (Stability) Across Time Parallel Test/Alternate form Reliability Across Tests Split-half Internal Consistency Across Items Interjudge Agreement Across Observers 6. Define validity and the 3 major aspects we need to consider when we think about validity, as defined in lecture. Explain each of the 3 aspects using an example. Ideally, find your own example. If you cannot, use the example from the lecture (i.e., if you used Prof. John's cool new Conscientiousness test to pick your new roommates--what validity questions should you consider?). Validity is the extent to which the measurements and evidence support what we think it measures . A valid claim is one that is both strong and trustworthy. The three main aspects of validity include content validity, criterion validity and considerations of convergent and discriminant aspects of validity. Content validity refers to the extent in which a measure is able to represent all facets of a singular concept. Criterion validity, or predictive validity, refers to the overall evaluation of how accurately scores on a given test work as standards. Lastly, convergent and discriminant aspects of validity refer to the relationship between both related and unrelated measures. When examining the example from the lecture, you should consider content validity.

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