Homework Problems Chapter 1

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PSYC 2317 Chapter # 1 Homework Problems Regular Credit: 24 points Because of different editions the homework numbers may not correspond to the numbers in your textbook. 1.1 (2 points) What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics? Descriptive statistics deals with large amounts of data summarized into single digit numbers, while inferential statistics makes intelligent guesses. 1.2 (2 points) What is the difference between a sample and a population? A sample is a set of observations and a population is all possible observations. 1.5 (2 points) Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables. Discrete is made up of nominal and ordinal variables. Nominal, observations that contain categories or names as their values. Ordinal, observations that have rankings. Continuous is made up of internal and ratio variables. Internal, distance between numerical observations is assumed equal. Ratio, variables that can be internal but have meaningful zero points.

1.6 (2 points) What is the relation between an independent variable and a dependent variable? A dependent variable is a result of the independent variable. They need each other to validate the hypothesis. 1.7 (2 points) What are confounding variables (or simply confounds) and how are they controlled using random assignment? Confounding variables are any variables that systematically varies with the independent so that we cannot logically determine which variable is at work. They are controlled based on what you decide. 1.8 (2 points) What is the difference between reliability and validity, and how are the two concepts related? Reliability is consistent and validity is one that measures what it was intended to measure. The two are related because it is not possible to measure what we intend to measure when the test itself produces varying results. 1.22 (5 points) A researcher studies the average distance that 130 people living in urban areas in India walk each week. What is the size of the sample? 130 people Identify the population. all people living in urban areas in India Is this “average” a descriptive statistic or an inferential statistic if it is used to describe the 130 people studied? It is a descriptive statistic.

How might you operationalize the average distance walked in 1 week as an ordinal measure? Sorting the 130 people in groups, such as, long, medium, and short distance walked. How might you operationalize the average distance walked in 1 week as a scale measure? By measuring the number of miles walked. 1.36 (3 points) Between-groups versus within-groups and exercise: Noting marked increases in weight across the population, researchers, nutritionists, and physicians have struggled to find ways to stem the tide of obesity in many Western countries. They have advocated a number of exercise programs, and there has been a flurry of research to determine the effectiveness of these programs. Pretend that you are in charge of a research study to examine the effects of an exercise program on weight loss in comparison with a program that does not involve exercise. Describe how you could study the exercise program using a between-groups research design. Assigning half the participants to exercise and half not to exercise. Describe how you could study the exercise program using a within-groups design. I would measure all participants weights before starting the exercise program and then I'd measure their weights again right after the program is completed.

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What is a potential confound of a within-groups design? How each participant experiences the program can introduce changes in conditions. It is possible that the act of tracking weight loss leads participants to implement weight-loss tactics other than exercise 1.38 (4 points) Experimental versus correlational research and culture: A researcher interested in the cultural values of individualistic and collectivist societies collects data on the rate of relationship conflict experienced by 32 people who test high for individualism and 37 people who test high for collectivism. Is this research experimental or correlational? Explain. Correlational because the participants were not randomly assigned, rather they were measured. What is the sample? The 32 people who tested high for individualism and the 37 people who tested high for collectivism.

Write a possible hypothesis for this researcher. On average, people high in individualism will have more relationship conflict than those high in collectivism. How might we operationalize relationship conflict? Counting the number of verbal disagreements per month

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