Personality Chapter 2 6th Qs wo answers(1)

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1 Chapter 2: Evolution and Human Nature Questions based on lecture and/or textbook information 1. People have different personalities. True or false? True 2. Theoretically, the 2 major categories of causes of behavior and personality are _____ and _____. Distal, Proximal 3. _____ causes of behavior or personality are factors that took place in the distant past and yet affect how we think and act. Distal 4. _____ causes of behavior or personality are factors that took place in the relatively recent past and are believed to affect how we think and act. Proximal 5. Evolution is considered a potential proximal cause. True or false? False 6. Evolution is considered a potential distal cause. True or false? True 7. The theory of evolution by _____ was proposed by Charles Darwin and is the most well- known one. Natural selection 8. How many chromosomes do nearly all humans have? 46 9. Genetically speaking, a trait is either _____ or ______, which is expressed by whether the letter representing the trait is uppercase or lowercase. Dominant, Recessive 10. An uppercase letter represents dominant trait and a lowercase letter recessive trait. True or false? True 11. An uppercase letter represents recessive trait and a lowercase letter dominant trait. True or false? False 12. Genetics is pretty simple. Genetically speaking, there are only two genotypes. Name (do not describe) them. Heterozygous, Homozygous 13. List (do not describe) the 2 types of dominance. Complete dominance, Incomplete dominance 14. In the case of an individual who is heterozygous for some trait, we know the trait involves _____ dominance if the trait we see is a mixture of two traits. incomplete 15. In the case of an individual who is homozygous for some trait, we know the trait involves _____ dominance if the trait we see only the dominant trait expressed. Complete

2 16. Assuming a trait is one that involves complete dominance and the 2 parents are heterozygous, the ratio of physical traits or phenotypes is always _____. 3:1 17. Assuming a trait is one that involves incomplete dominance and the 2 parents are heterozygous, the ratio of physical traits or phenotypes is always _____. 1:2:1 18. Genes only allow for a potential behavior or personality to develop. True or false? True 19. People tend to be categorized as belonging to one of two group affiliations. Name the 2 group affiliation categories. 20. _____ is the group affiliation category that refers to a particular group to which a person feels strong allegiance. 21. _____ is the group affiliation category that refers to the group that rivals the group a person feels strong allegiance to. 22. In terms of attachment, there are believed to be _____ types of babies. The answer is a number. 23. List (do not describe) the different types of babies. Use the abbreviations and also state what each abbreviation stands for. 24. In the Strange Situation, _____ babies ignore the caregiver when they return. 25. In the Strange Situation, _____ babies display a mixture of approach and avoidance. They appear to want to contact the caregiver but do not want to be held. They display angry reactions at having been left by the caregiver. 26. In the Strange Situation, _____ babies seem confused. They explore the area little and cannot seem to be calmed down when the caregiver returns. 27. One of the most important factors that affect caregiver-infant attachment is ______, which refers to the extent to which the caregiver is attentive to the infant. 28. According to the book, there is a strong relationship between the type of attachment displayed during infancy and behavior displayed during adulthood. True or false? 29. The textbook mentions 2 different mating strategies. What are the names of the 2 different strategies? 30. The textbook mentions 2 different mating strategies. Of the 2 different strategies, _____ strategy is not going to result in a long-term relationship. 31. The textbook mentions 2 different mating strategies. Of the 2 different strategies, _____ strategy is going to result in a long-term relationship. 32. Buss (1989) found that males prefer mates who possess 2 traits. List the 2 traits. 33. Buss (1989) found that females prefer mates who possess 3 traits. List the 3 traits. 34. According to the textbook, females are approximately _____ (the answer is a number) times more sensitive to information about potential mates’ salaries, relative to males. 35. The 2-word term _____ suggests we help others because they will help us later on. 36. In terms of humans, the 2 most dominant strategies for obtaining status are _____ and _____. Applied Questions: Questions that you should be able to answer based on the lecture and/or textbook information, but the answers are not provided in the book or video.

3 1. * Q: What does it mean if 2 blonde people have a child with brunette hair? 2. *Q: Let’s assume personality is influenced by genetics. Are you like your dad, mom, or both? Please fully and clearly explain your answer. 3. *Q: Give an example of a group you would consider yourself a member of an in-group. Explain why you consider it an in-group. 4. *Q: Give an example of a group you would consider an out-group. Explain why you consider it an out-group. 5. *Q: If you calculated the correlation between parental sensitivity (X-axis) and the degree of secure attachment of B-babies (Y-axis), you would most likely discover the correlation to be: a. positive b. negative c. zero 6. *Q: If you calculated the correlation between parental sensitivity (X-axis) and the attachment of insecure babies (Y-axis), you would most likely discover the correlation to be: a. positive b. negative c. zero 7. *Q: Your textbook mentions that a fast mating strategy should favor males. Using what you have learned about the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin, why should males favor a fast mating strategy? 8. *Q: Your textbook mentions that a slow mating strategy should favor females. Using what you have learned about the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin, why should females favor a slow mating strategy? 9. *Q: Buss (1989) found that males prefer mates who possess 2 traits. Using what you have learned about the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin, why should males favor a mate who possesses those 2 traits? Fully and clearly explain your answer. 10. *Q: Buss (1989) found that females prefer mates who possess 3 traits. Using what you have learned about the theory of evolution by natural selection proposed by Charles Darwin, why should females prefer mates who possess 3 traits? Fully and clearly explain your answer. 11. *Q: Give an example from your own life or an imaginary example that reflects reciprocal altruism. 12. *Q: Give an example from your own life or an imaginary example that reflects social dominance. 13. *Q: Give an example from your own life or an imaginary example that reflects prestige. 14. *Q: What do you consider to be a proximal factor that affects your personality? Please fully and clearly explain your example and why you consider it a proximal factor. 15. *Q: What do you consider to be a distal factor that affects your personality? Please fully and clearly explain your example and why you consider it a distal factor.

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