week four assignment psy 5130

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1 Moral Development and Bullying Vicky Caldwell University of Arizona Global Campus PSY 5130: Life Span Development Dr. Lori November 27, 2023

2 Moral Development and Bullying There are various types of bullying such as physical, verbal, social, racial, religious, sexual, cyberbullying, and disability bullying which occurs in schools from elementary, middle, and high school. Children should not have to worry about being bullied in educational settings or places which are supposed to be their safe place. However, bullying occurs today which is the fourth leading cause of teen suicide in the United States due to being victimized by children at school. There are various reasons why children bully other kids such as clothes, physical or mental disabilities, hair, or coming from a poor family. I was a victim of bullying due to my learning disabilities which played a vital role in my education which led to being placed in special education classes from elementary through high school. I experienced bullying victimization due to being from a low-income family which led to eating school lunches for free, my mother made my school clothes, bought generic clothes, or handed me down clothes from neighbors or purchased from yard sales. I watched my niece and nephews being bullied in school due to mental and physical disabilities. My nephew was bullied because of not speaking clearly, he was small for his age, my niece is still experiencing bullying because of her walking from when she had a stroke at thirteen years age which affected her cognitive thinking. My niece piper is twenty-six years of age but mind wise she thinks like a thirteen-year-old and has a problem counting change. My nephew is still experiencing bullying due to abuse from his biological mother which caused him to have a traumatic brain injury.

3 Based on the assessment process around at-risk youths and children on a strength-based structure which identifies major current functions. Another alternative involves identifying enrichment, ways to arrange therapeutic interventions to match the child’s strengths and abilities based on each child’s needs. The Perry method benefits the differentiates the human brain chemistry which is a fascinating way to study the human brain chemistry. The maltreatment term relates to more than physical abuse when favoring one child over the other such as lack of praising, attention, or encouragement because teachers or parents feel one child excels in school over another child. A real-life experience that relates to the Perry study happened to me when I was in school. I went to a small country school that did not believe in testing children to determine why the child was restless in class after a certain age. The point is I did not like school from fifth grade to twelfth grade because I did not understand the teacher’s instructions or understand my assignments, however, because I could not sit still in class or pay attention due to being bored. I was not being challenged or encouraged in school. The teachers placed me in all remedial classes instead of working with me to determine my strong and weak areas. Some of the remedial classes were too easy for me, on the other hand some of general classes or advanced classes were too hard for me. Unfortunate my parents could not help me with homework or challenged me to do better in school because my mom or father did not make it past sixth or seventh grade.

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4 My duties as a volunteer at the homeless outreach center involve working with adolescents and children in many different areas which include schoolwork and providing them with someone to confide in which remains confidential. In the case of being bullied at school due to being homeless my heart goes out to them. However, unlike children that do not understand why they are getting bullied. Adolescents do not like telling anyone about getting bullied for fear of repercussions by reporting the incident to school officials. There are various programs available for kids who are experiencing bullying at school. The numbers of teen suicide increases because bullying causes depression, low self-esteem, feels like they no where to turn, school officials or adult role models will stop the bullying. The victim’s encounter hitting, kicked, being ignored by their peers, being locked in the school restrooms, being forced to stand in locker room with no clothes especially those with gender identity issues. Examples of adolescents committing suicide as a way out of the torture they face on daily basis while at school and cyberbullying which includes hacking someone’s cell phone photo chop the pictures and posting them on social media. The reason youths bully other kids is being different than their peers, such as mental, physically, gender, the color of their skin, hair, clothes, or their names. Research studies demonstrate that bullying is partially caused by the home environment or because the child has experienced bullying at home by siblings. Another reason for youths bullying other kids stems from being raised with different values or morals from adults in the immediate family during the lifespan development phase.

5 Based on moral development studies show that fifteen to twenty-five percent of children are impacted by emotions from being bullied such as anxiety, stress, and depression. There are parents who teach children to judge, be intolerant of people who are different, which as children grow, they base their actions on what they hear parents or older siblings’ actions (Gaffney et.al 2021). Therefore, people within the community need to work together on creating ways to encourage victims of aggression to report bullying to other adults outside of school officials. Kohlberg’s model can be implemented to reduce school bullying. Based on Kohlberg’s theory there are three levels of moral development such as preconventional, conventional, and post- conventional. Implementing these three levels of moral development provides school officials with tools to serve as a guide to reduce or stop bullying by educating parents and youths with signs of bullying before it begins. Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg’s theory focuses on a specific factor concerning genders that boys display morality while girls display compassion. However, Kolberg’s theory enables students to create rules and a classroom code of conduct along with consequences of not following rules. Gilligans believes since Kohlberg disregards individuals culture or gender in his theory. However, Gilligan’s theory concludes there are different perspectives between females and males of morality. Based on Gilligans research females embrace sharing responsibility and is self-discipline while boys initiate concern for honesty and equality (Mossler & & Ziegler, 2016, Pg. 387). When it comes to comparing females and males involving bullying both genders are capable bullying their peers. The difference between boys and girls uses words which is known as emotionally bullying. Whereas boys use physical actions such as slapping, kicking, spitting, threats to humiliate the victims.

6 The four phases of Kohlberg’s theory and phases can be sufficiently utilized for enforcing rules and punishment for the students that are guilty of torturing the victims. However, Gilligans method demonstrates that males show more violence towards their victims than females. Understanding that combining Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theory provides insight concerning the difference between males and females aids in developing ways to stop bullying. Theoretical tools are required to examine bullying in schools and out of schools. Also, individuals need to understand adults deal with bullying or bullies’ other adults which children see and mimics actions of the adults. The theoretical tools enable adults to work together as advocates for children who are victims of bullying, however, the children that are doing the bullying needs adults to show support to figure out why they are aggressive to other students. There are programs available to reduce or stop bullying among children, adolescents, and teens in schools. The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program was created for students five to fifteen years of age which enables students to return to school and feel safe while getting a education. The way Olweus Bullying prevention program works is by having the bullies switch places with the victims of bullying allowing the students to see how it feels to be bullied (Romera, et.al 2019). The role-playing program is based off Kohlberg’s theory. Gilligan’s role- playing theory enables boys to see how the girl feels when bullied. The role-playing bully prevention programs encourages students who witnesses bullying to report it to school officials.

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7 References Gaffney, H., Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2021). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying perpetration and victimization: An updated systematic review Mossler, R. A., & Ziegler, M. (2016). Understanding Development: A Lifespan Perspective . San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Retrieved from Constellation : Romera, E. M., Ortega-Ruiz, R., Rodríguez-Barbero, S., & Falla, D. (2019). How Do You Think the Victims of Bullying Feel? A Study of Moral Emotions in Primary School. Frontiers in psychology , 10 , 1753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01753

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