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Date
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126
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1.
In the correct order which way is visual information
processed?
photoreceptors,
ganglion cells,
LGN cells,
end-stopped cells
2.
A complex cell receives its input from several simple
cells. When a light shines on the OFF region of the
receptive field of one of the underlying simple cells,
what will happen to the complex cell's response?
another simple cell
that has light shin-
ing on the ON re-
gion of its recep-
tive field will be ex-
cited, leading to an
overall stronger re-
sponse
3.
Which term refers to the now quaintly outdated theory
that we see by shooting rays of light out of our eyes?
extromission
4.
If you were recording from a cell and it fired an action
potential, it:
received many
action potentials
from neighboring
cells
OR
received many
more EPSPs than
IPSPs from neigh-
boring cells
5.
You're using a lens to focus an image on a screen,
but you get a blurry image because the focal length is
too short. Which of the following might help you get a
sharper image?
placing the lens
underwater
OR
adding a diverging
lens in front of your
original lens
OR
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moving the screen
closer to the lens
6.
Photoreceptors in the human eye are primarily re-
sponsible for:
transduction
7.
Which of the following is NOT a property of complex
cells, but is a property of hypercomplex cells?
a) insensitivity to position within the receptive field
b) sensitivity to length
c) sensitivity to orientation
d) having a preferred motion direction
e) responsiveness to dark and light bars
B) sensitivity to
length
8.
The figure below is more readily seen as a diamond in-
side a square rather than four triangles. This is known
as the Gestalt principle of ___________.
***Perfect Square with smaller Square rotated in a
diamond shape****
good form
9.
Which of the following organisms does NOT have a
compound eye?
Squid
10.
Compared to the image on the left, the region indicat-
ed by the arrow on the right is NOT an example of a
reflection because:
*Blue bubble with reflection highlight
**Blue bubble with dark rectangle where the reflection
highlight is
it is darker than the
surrounding sur-
face
it does not take the
shape of the object
11.
A flickering black and white checkerboard was shown
to one eye of a monkey. Activated regions on the mon-
key's primary visual cortex got stained by a dye. The
dissection photo of the monkey's right primary visual
because the stim-
ulus was shown to
only one eye of the
monkey
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cortex is shown below. Why did the stained regions
form in stripes?
12.
The figure at the bottom shows the receptive field of
an end-stopped cell. Out of the options below, which
stimulus will produce the strongest response from the
cell?
NEED PICTURE
2
13.
While out diving, you discover a new sea creature that
has an eye consisting of a chamber with a pupil that
can dilate and constrict. The creature has no cornea
and no lens, and the chamber is filled with seawater.
Which of the following will NOT happen when the pupil
dilates?
a) more light will enter the eye
b) vision will be sharper
c) light will be less focused on the retina
d) vision will be blurry
e) none of the above
B) Vision will be
sharper
14.
If V1 in the right hemisphere of your brain did not work
and you were shown a picture of a dog in your right
visual field and a picture of a ball in your left visual
field, you would see:
only the dog be-
cause you can
only use left V1
which receives in-
formation from the
right visual field
15.
Receptive fields for cells in V1 are sensitive to:
a) orientation, po-
sitions
b) length, motion
c) position, lines
16.
Which of the following is the most correct answer?
Cones are primarily used for viewing in ______ condi-
tions.
photopic
17.
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A piece of artwork is recovered from the ruins of
Stanford after Berkeley crushes them at everything.
The painting is extremely blurry. The title suggests
that it should be a painting of a vase of flowers, but
the image is so blurry that the outlines are nearly
indistinguishable. What might we conclude about the
artist based on his blurry perception of the world?
a) his contrast sensitivity function is shifted towards
lower spatial frequencies
b) he is lacking the cells in the center of his V1 hyper-
columns, based on the De Valois model
c) he has lost his photoreceptors in the fovea
d) painting is yet another realm in which Stanford is
lacking
a or c
his contrast sen-
sitivity function is
shifted towards
lower spatial fre-
quencies
OR
he has lost his
photoreceptors in
the fovea
18.
Sam stares at the grating pictured in Panel 1 for sev-
eral seconds, and his contrast sensitivity function
changes (see panel 2). He used to see light and dark
bars at both locations X and Y, and now can only see
the bars at location Y. Sam's change in sensitivity is
evidence for:
NEED IMAGE
a) the Hubel and Wiesel model of visual processing
b) neurons firing more rapidly the longer we stare at
a stimulus
c) the De Valois model of visual processing
c) the De Valois
model of visual
processing
19.
Which of the following explains cortical magnifica-
tion?
a) some cortical cells have larger receptive fields than
other cortical cells
b) some cortical cells are larger in size than other
cortical cells
c) sensory input from some regions are processed by
c) sensory input
from some regions
are processed by
more cortical cells
than input from
other regions
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more cortical cells than input from other regions
d) both a and b
e) both a and c
20.
Interpretations of the famous dress vary across in-
dividuals. For example, Prof. Whitney sees the col-
or-changing dress as white and gold. You might see
it as blue and black. Which of these values always
stay(s) constant across individuals, regardless of
their interpretation?
a) L
b) I
c) Perceived R
d) I and Perceived R
e) L and Perceived R
a) L
21.
Nocturnal animals most likely have:
a) more cones than rods
b) more rods than cones
c) bad color vision
d) equal numbers of rods and cones
e) b and c
e) b and c
More rods than
cones
AND
Bad color vision
22.
Which of the following is FALSE?
a) ganglion cells are sensitive to local contrast in the
image
b) LGN cells consist of both on center and off center
receptive fields
c) simple cells are selective to orientation and posi-
tion
d) complex cells are selective to position but not ori-
entation
e) end-stopped cells are selective to length and orien-
tation
d) complex cells
are selective to po-
sition but not ori-
entation
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23.
The reason why we don't normally notice our blind
spot is because:
a) there are no photoreceptors at the optic disc
b) the blind spot falls on non-overlapping regions on
the retina of each eye
c) our brains fill in the missing information
d) b and c
e) all of the above
d) b and c
b) the blind spot
falls on non-over-
lapping regions on
the retina of each
eye
AND
c) our brains fill in
the missing infor-
mation
24.
A Hermann grid, which is typically shown as a white
grid with black squares, is an illusion where you
see "ghostlike" gray blobs at the intersections. What
would be seen on a figure that consists of a black grid
with white squares?
a) no illusory gray spots
b) gray spots at the intersections
c) gray line segments between white squares
d) gray spots in the white squares
e) none of the above
b) gray spots at the
intersections
25.
What organism's eye is best described as having
tubes?
a) the falcon
b) the human
c) the squid
d) the fly
e) both a and b
d) the fly
26.
Which of the following best describes the type of lens
found in the human eye?
a) concave and converging
c) convex and con-
verging
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b) convex and diverging
c) convex and converging
d) concave and diverging
e) none of the above
27.
The image below appears to consist of one raised
bump and five indentations. This interpretation of the
image is due to a heuristic used by the visual system
called:
NEED IMAGE
a) gestalt grouping
b) discounting the illuminant
c) shadow discounting
d) lighting from above
e) none of the above
d) lighting from
above
28.
Sensory transduction is the process by which:
a) sensory stimuli are analyzed
b) nerve fibers conduct sensory information
c) physical energy is converted to biochemical energy
d) information from different sensory modalities are
compared
e) none of the above
c) physical energy
is converted to bio-
chemical energy
29.
Tonotopy refers to the idea that, in auditory cortex,
cells that are close to each other code for:
a) similar frequencies
b) orthogonal frequencies
c) particular spatial locations
d) harmonic frequencies (3rd, 5th, 7th, etc.)
e) varying levels of loudness
a) similar frequen-
cies
30.
Which of the following is NOT a principle used to
determine that something is a reflection?
a) reflections should not move together with the sur-
b) reflections
should match the
surrounding scene
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face of the object
b) reflections should match the surrounding scene
c) reflections should follow the curvature of the object
they're on
d) a and b
e) a and c
31.
What can we infer about visual coding from the illu-
sion generated by this figure?
NEED IMAGE
a) visually sensitive neurons code brightness
b) the visual system cares about surfaces
c) visually sensitive neurons scale their responses as
a function of surface area
d) visually sensitive neurons code contrast
e) none of the above
d) visually sensi-
tive neurons code
contrast
32.
The following two questions refer to the graph be-
low, which represents the response of a cell to bars
of varying length moved through the cell's receptive
field. The bars are always oriented at the preferred
orientation of the cell.
NEED IMAGE
What type of cell is it?
a) simple
b) complex
c) end-stopped
d) ganglion
e) LGN
b) complex
33.
Where should the RF indicated by 'X' be placed to
produce the strongest response from its neuron?
a) the RF should be centered on location B
b) the RF should be centered on location C
c) the RF should
be centered on lo-
cation A
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c) the RF should be centered on location A
d) all of these locations produce an equally strong
response
e) none of the above
34.
Where should the RF indicated by 'Y' be placed in
the picture to produce the weakest response from its
neuron?
NEED IMAGE
a) centered on location B
b) centered on location C
c) centered on location A
d) all of these locations produce an equally strong
response
e) none of the above
c) centered on lo-
cation A
35.
The preferred orientation for the cell represented by
the filled black square would be _____ relative to the
surrounding black dots
NEED IMAGE
a) the same
b) greater than
c) less than
d) in between
e) none of the above
d) in between
36.
This question refers to the figure below. Surfaces A
and C have a reflectance R1, B and D have a re-
flectance R2, and E reflectance R3. The illumination is
the same for A and B. The illumination is the same for
C and D.
If R1 > R2 then
NEED IMAGE
a) La > Lb
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a) La > Lb
b) Lc = La
c) Lb < Ld
d) Lc = Ld
e) none of the above conclusions can be drawn
37.
The preferred orientation for the cell represented by
the empty white square would be _____ relative to the
surrounding white dots
NEEDIMAGE
a) the same
b) greater than
c) less than
d) in between
e) none of the above
a) the same
38.
This question refer to the graph below, which repre-
sents the response of a cell to bars of varying length
moved through the cell's receptive field. The bars are
always oriented at the preferred orientation of the cell.
NEED IMAGE
In what area of the brain would it be found?
a) V1
b) retina
c) LGN
d) fovea
e) b and d
a) V1
39.
The following two questions refer to the figure below.
Surfaces A and C have a reflectance R1, B and D have
a reflectance R2, and E reflectance R3. The illumina-
tion is the same for A and B. The illumination is the
same for C and D.
d) R1 = R2
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NEED IMAGE
If surfaces A and B have the same luminance then
a) R1 > R2
b) R3 > R2
c) R1 < R2
d) R1 = R2
e) no conclusions can be drawn
40.
Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if
they have the wrong color. (T/F)
True
41.
Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if
they have the wrong shape. (T/F)
True
42.
Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if
they are lighter than the background. (T/F)
True
43.
Shadows are still perceived as shadows if they have
the same texture as the background. (T/F)
True
44.
Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if
they are cast in the wrong direction. (T/F)
True
45.
Highlights cause surfaces to appear glossy. (T/F)
True
46.
Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if
they have an outline. (T/F)
False
47.
To perceive a shadow, we must attend to it. (T/F)
False
48.
Reflections may still be perceived as reflections even
if they do not match the objects/scene being reflected.
(T/F)
True
49.
The questions ask you to rank the following patterns
of light and dark to indicate which pattern would elicit
the weakest response when centered on the receptive
field (shown on the left) and which pattern would elicit
C
B
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sequentially stronger responses when centered on
the cell's RF. The RF border is indicated by the dashed
rectangle. Note that gray represents the background
level of light, white represents an increase in light, and
black represents a decrease in light. The surround of
all the stimulus patterns is at background level (gray).
NEED IMAGE
The pattern above that elicits the WEAKEST response
when centered on the RF pictured at left is: (select A,
B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown)
The pattern above that elicits the SECOND weakest
response when centered on the RF pictured at left is:
(select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown)
The pattern above that elicits the THIRD weakest re-
sponse when centered on the RF pictured at left is:
(select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown)
The pattern above that elicits the FOURTH weakest
response when centered on the RF pictured at left is:
(select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown)
The pattern above that elicits the FIFTH weakest re-
sponse when centered on the RF pictured at left is:
(select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown)
A
E
D
50.
Receptive fields of LGN cells differ from those of reti-
nal ganglion cells in that they:
a) respond to light and dark bars
b) prefer stimuli in motion
c) are located in visual cortex
d) do not exhibit retinotopy
e) none of the above
e) none of the
above
51.
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What is the most likely explanation for the drop off in
visibility at the extremely low spatial frequencies on
the contrast sensitivity function?
a) we have fewer neurons tuned to those extremely
low spatial frequencies
b) lower spatial frequencies are more difficult to per-
ceive
c) lower spatial frequencies are not very useful in our
overall perception
d) enhanced visibility of lower spatial frequencies
would be maladaptive
e) higher spatial frequencies are more important
a) we have few-
er neurons tuned
to those extreme-
ly low spatial fre-
quencies
52.
The two Nobel Prize winners pictured on the page ar-
gued that simple cells detect which of the following?
NEED IMAGE
a) End-stopped line terminators
b) Spots of light/dark
c) Bars of light/dark
d) Patches of color
e) None of the above
c) Bars of
light/dark
53.
When you have subjective contours defined by color,
people often perceive a "filled in" illusory colored
surface. This phenomenon is called:
a) neon color spreading
b) luminance spreading
c) amodal completion
d) figure-ground reversal
e) none of the above
a) neon color
spreading
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54.
The following does not apply to the CSF:
a) the difference in Monet's art when he was 38 vs. 85
is likely due to changes in the CSF
b) CSF varies in different animals
c) CSF is made up of the peak sensitivities of individ-
ual neurons
d) a drop off in the CSF is only observed as spatial
frequency increases
e) it is possible to lose sensitivity within a local part
of the CSF
d) a drop off in
the CSF is only ob-
served as spatial
frequency increas-
es
55.
The structures in the eye that refract light the most,
from strongest to weakest are:
a) cornea, crystalline lens, aqueous humor
b) crystalline lens, aqueous humor, cornea
c) aqueous humor, cornea, crystalline lens
d) aqueous humor, crystalline lens, cornea
e) crystalline lens, cornea, aqueous humor
a) cornea, crys-
talline lens, aque-
ous humor
56.
A baby seagull would probably respond most strongly
to which of the following stimuli?
a) a mother seagull
b) a blue dot on a stick
c) a realistic plastic seagull
d) a human hand
e) a few red dots on a stick
e) a few red dots
on a stick
57.
In the image above, the letter B's appear fragment-
ed mostly because of ________, which prevents
_______completion
NEED IMAGE
a) closure; amodal
b) good form; amodal
c) good continuation; modal
d) all of the above
a) closure; amodal
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58.
The unique information that can be extracted from a
PET scan is most similar to an image obtained from
which of the following imaging methods?
a) histology
b) fMRI
c) x-ray
d) MRI
e) CT scan
b) fMRI
59.
The "homunculus" in its representation as a fun-
ny-looking person does NOT:
a) illustrate the notion of a somatosensory map in the
brain
b) illustrate the notion of a motor map in the brain
c) illustrate the crossover of control and sensation in
the brain
d) illustrate cortical magnification
e) over-represent the hands and face
c) illustrate the
crossover of con-
trol and sensation
in the brain
60.
The term visual receptive field refers to:
a) a specific region on the retina
b) a cell
c) a set of concentric circles
d) the visual system in general
e) none of the above
a) a specific region
on the retina
61.
The figure shown below is most likely a picture of ___,
which we know because of the presence of ___.
NEED IMAGE
a) two amodally completing surfaces, x-junctions
b) two amodally completing surfaces, t-junctions
c) a cast shadow, x-junctions
d) a cast shadow, t-junctions
e) two modally completing surfaces, t-junctions
c) a cast shadow,
x-junctions
62.
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Which of the following does NOT apply to hyper-
columns:
a) they are comprised of right and left ocular domi-
nance columns
b) they have different orientation columns whose ori-
entation remains constant as one moves vertically
through the cortex
c) adjacent hypercolumns are organized retinotopical-
ly
d) each individual hypercolumn contains information
from both halves of the visual field
e) there are more hypercolumns that represent the
fovea than other equally sized areas of the retina
d) each individual
hypercolumn con-
tains information
from both halves
of the visual field
63.
In the scene depicted below, a checkerboard has a
shadow cast across its surface by a cylinder. We are
interested in two of the tiles, marked A and B. Which
quantity is the same in tiles A and B?
NEED IMAGE
a) R
b) I
c) L
d) (L/I)
e) None; they are all different between A and B
c) L
64.
Classify the most appropriate type of completion
demonstrated in each of the following images, from
left to right
NEED IMAGE
a) amodal, modal, modal
d) amodal, modal
amodal
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b) modal, amodal, amodal
c) modal, amodal, modal
d) amodal, modal amodal
e) amodal, amodal, modal
65.
The difference in the ratio of photoreceptors to retinal
ganglion cells in the fovea versus the peripheral retina
contributes to:
a) decreased acuity in the fovea
b) increased acuity in the fovea
c) decreased receptive field size in the fovea
d) a and c
e) b and c
e) b and c
66.
Under well-lit conditions, which of the following kinds
of information is NOT normally available from a retina
that is fixated on a single point?
a) blurred, undetailed images of objects in the periph-
ery
b) the color of objects near the fixation point
c) sharp, detailed images of objects near fixation
d) outline of the blood vessels
e) all of the above
d) outline of the
blood vessels
67.
Match the patient studies with what they contributed
to our understanding of the brain using the options
listed below:
A) Evidence for the existence of retinotopic maps
B) Evidence that there is a localized region for lan-
guage production
C) Evidence that active neurons most likely require
more blood
D) Evidence that there is a localized region for plan-
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ning and emotion
E) Evidence that different locations in the brain are
responsible for different sensory experiences.
Patient Tan, who had damage to Broca's area in the left
hemisphere (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a
dropdown)
Phineas Gage, who had damage to the frontal lobe
(select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown)
Wilder Penfield's stimulation of the exposed brains of
awake patients (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from
a dropdown)
68.
The firing rate of a LGN cell changes as a function
of the contrast level. According to the plot, which
statement is true (The two circles represent the two
extreme contrast levels corresponding to the x axis)?
NEED IMAGE
a) Curve B represents an ON-center LGN cell and
curve C represents an OFF-center LGN cell
b) Curve B represents an OFF-center LGN cell and
curve C represents an ON-center LGN cell
c) Curve A represents an ON-center LGN cell and
curve D represents an OFF-center LGN cell
d) Curve A represents an OFF-center LGN cell and
curve D represents an ON-center LGN cell
c) Curve A repre-
sents an ON-cen-
ter LGN cell and
curve D repre-
sents an OFF-cen-
ter LGN cell
69.
In cartoons like the Simpsons, unlike the real world,
________ is a difficult problem for the visual system
to solve.
e) none of the
above
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a) border ownership
b) shadow analysis
c) depth relationships
d) amodal completion
e) none of the above
70.
The graph below represents:
NEED IMAGE
a) individual cells in retina
b) the entire population of cells in visual cortex
c) individual cells in visual cortex
d) the entire population of ganglion cells in the retina
e) none of the above
c) individual cells
in visual cortex
71.
Which of the following is NOT a biologically evolved
structure discussed in lecture that some animals use
to focus light in their eyes?
a) concave mirrors
b) pinholes
c) diverging lenses
d) tubes
e) converging lenses
c) diverging lenses
72.
V1 cells differ from retinal ganglion cells in what major
way(s)?
a) orientation preference
b) being sensitive to contrast
c) spontaneous firing rates
d) a and c
e) all of the above
d) a and c
73.
What would be a disadvantage of using only bars and
edges (i.e. Hubel and Weisel's model) for processing
all visual information?
a) you could no longer detect color
d) you would have
trouble efficiently
coding the visu-
al information in a
scene
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b) you would no longer have ocular dominance
columns
c) you would no longer have cortical magnification
d) you would have trouble efficiently coding the visual
information in a scene
e) none of the above
74.
If you see this picture in your visual field ("+" is the
center of your vision), which of the following images
is a correct representation of your primary visual cor-
tex?
NEEDIMAGE
B
75.
The dashed line depicts the receptive field of a V2 neu-
ron. Out of the options above, which stimulus could
produce a response?
NEED IMAGE
a) 1
b) 2
c) 1 and 2
d) 2 and 3
e) All of the above
e) All of the above
76.
What is changing spatial frequency most directly anal-
ogous to in the following list?
a) changing contrast
b) changing orientation
c) changing position
d) changing blur
e) changing photoreceptors
d) changing blur
77.
20 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d
If you lost your left LGN, you would have:
a) loss of sight of the left eye
b) loss of sight of the right eye
c) loss of sight of the left visual field
d) loss of sight of the right visual field
e) no perceptible loss of sight
d) loss of sight
of the right visual
field
78.
All else equal, and assuming that the light that arrives
at your retina stays constant, the same surface will
appear ________ if the illumination is inferred to be
________.
a) brighter; higher
b) darker; higher
c) the same; higher
d) not enough information to know
e) none of the above
b) darker; higher
79.
Cortical magnification is at least partially responsible
for:
a) decreased acuity in peripheral vision
b) increased acuity in foveal vision
c) retinotopy
d) a and b only
e) a, b, and c
d) a and b only
80.
Why does the human CSF degrade at night?
a) easier to adapt to low contrast images
b) using rods for vision
c) opening the pupil reduces contrast sensitivity
b) using rods for vi-
sion
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126
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d) there are no visible colors at high spatial frequen-
cyd) there are no visible colors at high spatial frequen-
cy
e) none of the above
81.
The graph below shows:
NEED IMAGE
a) orientation tuning
b) spatial frequency tuning
c) position tuning
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
b) spatial frequen-
cy tuning
82.
The half of the retina closer to the nose of the left eye
corresponds to:
a) the right visual field
b) the left visual field
c) the right visual cortex
d) a and c
e) b and c
e) b and c
83.
Which of the following is a good example of lightness
constancy?
a) when I step outside on a sunny day I can't see
anything for several minutes
b) the clothes I bought at the store looked like a dif-
ferent color at home
c) I looked at a high-contrast grating and I temporarily
became less sensitive to that particular spatial fre-
quency
d) I stared at a waterfall for a long time and then it
looked like everything was floating upwards
e) my friend's shirt
looks the same
both outside in the
sun and in this
dimly lit lecture hall
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e) my friend's shirt looks the same both outside in the
sun and in this dimly lit lecture hall
84.
What was the video shown in lecture that provided
evidence that the frog's eye has "bug detector" retinal
ganglion cells?
a) a frog sticking its tongue out towards a laser pointer
dot
b) a frog catching insects in a smartphone game with
its tongue
c) a frog sticking its tongue out to catch a spider in a
web
d) a frog sticking its tongue out towards fly paper (with
flies on it) and getting stuck
e) none of the above
b) a frog catching
insects in a smart-
phone game with
its tongue
85.
The "what" pathway in the visual system is best de-
scribed as being composed of:
a) areas in the frontal lobe which encode the identify-
ing features of an object
b) areas in the occipital lobe which code for location
and motion
c) areas all across the cortex which code for features
of places and objects but not faces (which are handled
by the "who" pathway)
d) areas in the temporal and occipital lobe, which do
not predominantly code for motion or location
e) areas in the parietal lobe such as the FFA and PPA
d) areas in the
temporal and oc-
cipital lobe, which
do not predom-
inantly code for
motion or location
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86.
According to Hubel and Wiesel's model, one hypercol-
umn can measure:
a) motion
b) size
c) depth
d) color
e) all of the above
e) all of the above
87.
Imagine that you are looking at a small metal sphere
that you can hold in your hands. There is a bright spot
right in the middle of the sphere which matches the
color of the overhead lighting. You rotate the sphere
in your hand and the spot rotates with it, until after
about 180 degrees of rotation you cannot see the spot
anymore. Which of the following is probably true?
a) your visual system interprets this spot as a reflec-
tion because it matches the color of the lighting
b) your visual system interprets this spot as a reflec-
tion because it moves as you turn the sphere
c) your visual system interprets the spot as paint
because it matches the color of the lighting
d) your visual system interprets the spot as paint
because it moves as you turn the sphere
e) none of the above
d) your visual sys-
tem interprets the
spot as paint be-
cause it moves
as you turn the
sphere
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