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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d 1. In the correct order which way is visual information processed? photoreceptors, ganglion cells, LGN cells, end-stopped cells 2. A complex cell receives its input from several simple cells. When a light shines on the OFF region of the receptive field of one of the underlying simple cells, what will happen to the complex cell's response? another simple cell that has light shin- ing on the ON re- gion of its recep- tive field will be ex- cited, leading to an overall stronger re- sponse 3. Which term refers to the now quaintly outdated theory that we see by shooting rays of light out of our eyes? extromission 4. If you were recording from a cell and it fired an action potential, it: received many action potentials from neighboring cells OR received many more EPSPs than IPSPs from neigh- boring cells 5. You're using a lens to focus an image on a screen, but you get a blurry image because the focal length is too short. Which of the following might help you get a sharper image? placing the lens underwater OR adding a diverging lens in front of your original lens OR 1 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d moving the screen closer to the lens 6. Photoreceptors in the human eye are primarily re- sponsible for: transduction 7. Which of the following is NOT a property of complex cells, but is a property of hypercomplex cells? a) insensitivity to position within the receptive field b) sensitivity to length c) sensitivity to orientation d) having a preferred motion direction e) responsiveness to dark and light bars B) sensitivity to length 8. The figure below is more readily seen as a diamond in- side a square rather than four triangles. This is known as the Gestalt principle of ___________. ***Perfect Square with smaller Square rotated in a diamond shape**** good form 9. Which of the following organisms does NOT have a compound eye? Squid 10. Compared to the image on the left, the region indicat- ed by the arrow on the right is NOT an example of a reflection because: *Blue bubble with reflection highlight **Blue bubble with dark rectangle where the reflection highlight is it is darker than the surrounding sur- face it does not take the shape of the object 11. A flickering black and white checkerboard was shown to one eye of a monkey. Activated regions on the mon- key's primary visual cortex got stained by a dye. The dissection photo of the monkey's right primary visual because the stim- ulus was shown to only one eye of the monkey 2 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d cortex is shown below. Why did the stained regions form in stripes? 12. The figure at the bottom shows the receptive field of an end-stopped cell. Out of the options below, which stimulus will produce the strongest response from the cell? NEED PICTURE 2 13. While out diving, you discover a new sea creature that has an eye consisting of a chamber with a pupil that can dilate and constrict. The creature has no cornea and no lens, and the chamber is filled with seawater. Which of the following will NOT happen when the pupil dilates? a) more light will enter the eye b) vision will be sharper c) light will be less focused on the retina d) vision will be blurry e) none of the above B) Vision will be sharper 14. If V1 in the right hemisphere of your brain did not work and you were shown a picture of a dog in your right visual field and a picture of a ball in your left visual field, you would see: only the dog be- cause you can only use left V1 which receives in- formation from the right visual field 15. Receptive fields for cells in V1 are sensitive to: a) orientation, po- sitions b) length, motion c) position, lines 16. Which of the following is the most correct answer? Cones are primarily used for viewing in ______ condi- tions. photopic 17. 3 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d A piece of artwork is recovered from the ruins of Stanford after Berkeley crushes them at everything. The painting is extremely blurry. The title suggests that it should be a painting of a vase of flowers, but the image is so blurry that the outlines are nearly indistinguishable. What might we conclude about the artist based on his blurry perception of the world? a) his contrast sensitivity function is shifted towards lower spatial frequencies b) he is lacking the cells in the center of his V1 hyper- columns, based on the De Valois model c) he has lost his photoreceptors in the fovea d) painting is yet another realm in which Stanford is lacking a or c his contrast sen- sitivity function is shifted towards lower spatial fre- quencies OR he has lost his photoreceptors in the fovea 18. Sam stares at the grating pictured in Panel 1 for sev- eral seconds, and his contrast sensitivity function changes (see panel 2). He used to see light and dark bars at both locations X and Y, and now can only see the bars at location Y. Sam's change in sensitivity is evidence for: NEED IMAGE a) the Hubel and Wiesel model of visual processing b) neurons firing more rapidly the longer we stare at a stimulus c) the De Valois model of visual processing c) the De Valois model of visual processing 19. Which of the following explains cortical magnifica- tion? a) some cortical cells have larger receptive fields than other cortical cells b) some cortical cells are larger in size than other cortical cells c) sensory input from some regions are processed by c) sensory input from some regions are processed by more cortical cells than input from other regions 4 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d more cortical cells than input from other regions d) both a and b e) both a and c 20. Interpretations of the famous dress vary across in- dividuals. For example, Prof. Whitney sees the col- or-changing dress as white and gold. You might see it as blue and black. Which of these values always stay(s) constant across individuals, regardless of their interpretation? a) L b) I c) Perceived R d) I and Perceived R e) L and Perceived R a) L 21. Nocturnal animals most likely have: a) more cones than rods b) more rods than cones c) bad color vision d) equal numbers of rods and cones e) b and c e) b and c More rods than cones AND Bad color vision 22. Which of the following is FALSE? a) ganglion cells are sensitive to local contrast in the image b) LGN cells consist of both on center and off center receptive fields c) simple cells are selective to orientation and posi- tion d) complex cells are selective to position but not ori- entation e) end-stopped cells are selective to length and orien- tation d) complex cells are selective to po- sition but not ori- entation 5 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d 23. The reason why we don't normally notice our blind spot is because: a) there are no photoreceptors at the optic disc b) the blind spot falls on non-overlapping regions on the retina of each eye c) our brains fill in the missing information d) b and c e) all of the above d) b and c b) the blind spot falls on non-over- lapping regions on the retina of each eye AND c) our brains fill in the missing infor- mation 24. A Hermann grid, which is typically shown as a white grid with black squares, is an illusion where you see "ghostlike" gray blobs at the intersections. What would be seen on a figure that consists of a black grid with white squares? a) no illusory gray spots b) gray spots at the intersections c) gray line segments between white squares d) gray spots in the white squares e) none of the above b) gray spots at the intersections 25. What organism's eye is best described as having tubes? a) the falcon b) the human c) the squid d) the fly e) both a and b d) the fly 26. Which of the following best describes the type of lens found in the human eye? a) concave and converging c) convex and con- verging 6 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d b) convex and diverging c) convex and converging d) concave and diverging e) none of the above 27. The image below appears to consist of one raised bump and five indentations. This interpretation of the image is due to a heuristic used by the visual system called: NEED IMAGE a) gestalt grouping b) discounting the illuminant c) shadow discounting d) lighting from above e) none of the above d) lighting from above 28. Sensory transduction is the process by which: a) sensory stimuli are analyzed b) nerve fibers conduct sensory information c) physical energy is converted to biochemical energy d) information from different sensory modalities are compared e) none of the above c) physical energy is converted to bio- chemical energy 29. Tonotopy refers to the idea that, in auditory cortex, cells that are close to each other code for: a) similar frequencies b) orthogonal frequencies c) particular spatial locations d) harmonic frequencies (3rd, 5th, 7th, etc.) e) varying levels of loudness a) similar frequen- cies 30. Which of the following is NOT a principle used to determine that something is a reflection? a) reflections should not move together with the sur- b) reflections should match the surrounding scene 7 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d face of the object b) reflections should match the surrounding scene c) reflections should follow the curvature of the object they're on d) a and b e) a and c 31. What can we infer about visual coding from the illu- sion generated by this figure? NEED IMAGE a) visually sensitive neurons code brightness b) the visual system cares about surfaces c) visually sensitive neurons scale their responses as a function of surface area d) visually sensitive neurons code contrast e) none of the above d) visually sensi- tive neurons code contrast 32. The following two questions refer to the graph be- low, which represents the response of a cell to bars of varying length moved through the cell's receptive field. The bars are always oriented at the preferred orientation of the cell. NEED IMAGE What type of cell is it? a) simple b) complex c) end-stopped d) ganglion e) LGN b) complex 33. Where should the RF indicated by 'X' be placed to produce the strongest response from its neuron? a) the RF should be centered on location B b) the RF should be centered on location C c) the RF should be centered on lo- cation A 8 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d c) the RF should be centered on location A d) all of these locations produce an equally strong response e) none of the above 34. Where should the RF indicated by 'Y' be placed in the picture to produce the weakest response from its neuron? NEED IMAGE a) centered on location B b) centered on location C c) centered on location A d) all of these locations produce an equally strong response e) none of the above c) centered on lo- cation A 35. The preferred orientation for the cell represented by the filled black square would be _____ relative to the surrounding black dots NEED IMAGE a) the same b) greater than c) less than d) in between e) none of the above d) in between 36. This question refers to the figure below. Surfaces A and C have a reflectance R1, B and D have a re- flectance R2, and E reflectance R3. The illumination is the same for A and B. The illumination is the same for C and D. If R1 > R2 then NEED IMAGE a) La > Lb 9 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d a) La > Lb b) Lc = La c) Lb < Ld d) Lc = Ld e) none of the above conclusions can be drawn 37. The preferred orientation for the cell represented by the empty white square would be _____ relative to the surrounding white dots NEEDIMAGE a) the same b) greater than c) less than d) in between e) none of the above a) the same 38. This question refer to the graph below, which repre- sents the response of a cell to bars of varying length moved through the cell's receptive field. The bars are always oriented at the preferred orientation of the cell. NEED IMAGE In what area of the brain would it be found? a) V1 b) retina c) LGN d) fovea e) b and d a) V1 39. The following two questions refer to the figure below. Surfaces A and C have a reflectance R1, B and D have a reflectance R2, and E reflectance R3. The illumina- tion is the same for A and B. The illumination is the same for C and D. d) R1 = R2 10 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d NEED IMAGE If surfaces A and B have the same luminance then a) R1 > R2 b) R3 > R2 c) R1 < R2 d) R1 = R2 e) no conclusions can be drawn 40. Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if they have the wrong color. (T/F) True 41. Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if they have the wrong shape. (T/F) True 42. Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if they are lighter than the background. (T/F) True 43. Shadows are still perceived as shadows if they have the same texture as the background. (T/F) True 44. Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if they are cast in the wrong direction. (T/F) True 45. Highlights cause surfaces to appear glossy. (T/F) True 46. Shadows may still be perceived as shadows even if they have an outline. (T/F) False 47. To perceive a shadow, we must attend to it. (T/F) False 48. Reflections may still be perceived as reflections even if they do not match the objects/scene being reflected. (T/F) True 49. The questions ask you to rank the following patterns of light and dark to indicate which pattern would elicit the weakest response when centered on the receptive field (shown on the left) and which pattern would elicit C B 11 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d sequentially stronger responses when centered on the cell's RF. The RF border is indicated by the dashed rectangle. Note that gray represents the background level of light, white represents an increase in light, and black represents a decrease in light. The surround of all the stimulus patterns is at background level (gray). NEED IMAGE The pattern above that elicits the WEAKEST response when centered on the RF pictured at left is: (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) The pattern above that elicits the SECOND weakest response when centered on the RF pictured at left is: (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) The pattern above that elicits the THIRD weakest re- sponse when centered on the RF pictured at left is: (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) The pattern above that elicits the FOURTH weakest response when centered on the RF pictured at left is: (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) The pattern above that elicits the FIFTH weakest re- sponse when centered on the RF pictured at left is: (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) A E D 50. Receptive fields of LGN cells differ from those of reti- nal ganglion cells in that they: a) respond to light and dark bars b) prefer stimuli in motion c) are located in visual cortex d) do not exhibit retinotopy e) none of the above e) none of the above 51. 12 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d What is the most likely explanation for the drop off in visibility at the extremely low spatial frequencies on the contrast sensitivity function? a) we have fewer neurons tuned to those extremely low spatial frequencies b) lower spatial frequencies are more difficult to per- ceive c) lower spatial frequencies are not very useful in our overall perception d) enhanced visibility of lower spatial frequencies would be maladaptive e) higher spatial frequencies are more important a) we have few- er neurons tuned to those extreme- ly low spatial fre- quencies 52. The two Nobel Prize winners pictured on the page ar- gued that simple cells detect which of the following? NEED IMAGE a) End-stopped line terminators b) Spots of light/dark c) Bars of light/dark d) Patches of color e) None of the above c) Bars of light/dark 53. When you have subjective contours defined by color, people often perceive a "filled in" illusory colored surface. This phenomenon is called: a) neon color spreading b) luminance spreading c) amodal completion d) figure-ground reversal e) none of the above a) neon color spreading 13 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d 54. The following does not apply to the CSF: a) the difference in Monet's art when he was 38 vs. 85 is likely due to changes in the CSF b) CSF varies in different animals c) CSF is made up of the peak sensitivities of individ- ual neurons d) a drop off in the CSF is only observed as spatial frequency increases e) it is possible to lose sensitivity within a local part of the CSF d) a drop off in the CSF is only ob- served as spatial frequency increas- es 55. The structures in the eye that refract light the most, from strongest to weakest are: a) cornea, crystalline lens, aqueous humor b) crystalline lens, aqueous humor, cornea c) aqueous humor, cornea, crystalline lens d) aqueous humor, crystalline lens, cornea e) crystalline lens, cornea, aqueous humor a) cornea, crys- talline lens, aque- ous humor 56. A baby seagull would probably respond most strongly to which of the following stimuli? a) a mother seagull b) a blue dot on a stick c) a realistic plastic seagull d) a human hand e) a few red dots on a stick e) a few red dots on a stick 57. In the image above, the letter B's appear fragment- ed mostly because of ________, which prevents _______completion NEED IMAGE a) closure; amodal b) good form; amodal c) good continuation; modal d) all of the above a) closure; amodal 14 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d 58. The unique information that can be extracted from a PET scan is most similar to an image obtained from which of the following imaging methods? a) histology b) fMRI c) x-ray d) MRI e) CT scan b) fMRI 59. The "homunculus" in its representation as a fun- ny-looking person does NOT: a) illustrate the notion of a somatosensory map in the brain b) illustrate the notion of a motor map in the brain c) illustrate the crossover of control and sensation in the brain d) illustrate cortical magnification e) over-represent the hands and face c) illustrate the crossover of con- trol and sensation in the brain 60. The term visual receptive field refers to: a) a specific region on the retina b) a cell c) a set of concentric circles d) the visual system in general e) none of the above a) a specific region on the retina 61. The figure shown below is most likely a picture of ___, which we know because of the presence of ___. NEED IMAGE a) two amodally completing surfaces, x-junctions b) two amodally completing surfaces, t-junctions c) a cast shadow, x-junctions d) a cast shadow, t-junctions e) two modally completing surfaces, t-junctions c) a cast shadow, x-junctions 62. 15 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d Which of the following does NOT apply to hyper- columns: a) they are comprised of right and left ocular domi- nance columns b) they have different orientation columns whose ori- entation remains constant as one moves vertically through the cortex c) adjacent hypercolumns are organized retinotopical- ly d) each individual hypercolumn contains information from both halves of the visual field e) there are more hypercolumns that represent the fovea than other equally sized areas of the retina d) each individual hypercolumn con- tains information from both halves of the visual field 63. In the scene depicted below, a checkerboard has a shadow cast across its surface by a cylinder. We are interested in two of the tiles, marked A and B. Which quantity is the same in tiles A and B? NEED IMAGE a) R b) I c) L d) (L/I) e) None; they are all different between A and B c) L 64. Classify the most appropriate type of completion demonstrated in each of the following images, from left to right NEED IMAGE a) amodal, modal, modal d) amodal, modal amodal 16 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d b) modal, amodal, amodal c) modal, amodal, modal d) amodal, modal amodal e) amodal, amodal, modal 65. The difference in the ratio of photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells in the fovea versus the peripheral retina contributes to: a) decreased acuity in the fovea b) increased acuity in the fovea c) decreased receptive field size in the fovea d) a and c e) b and c e) b and c 66. Under well-lit conditions, which of the following kinds of information is NOT normally available from a retina that is fixated on a single point? a) blurred, undetailed images of objects in the periph- ery b) the color of objects near the fixation point c) sharp, detailed images of objects near fixation d) outline of the blood vessels e) all of the above d) outline of the blood vessels 67. Match the patient studies with what they contributed to our understanding of the brain using the options listed below: A) Evidence for the existence of retinotopic maps B) Evidence that there is a localized region for lan- guage production C) Evidence that active neurons most likely require more blood D) Evidence that there is a localized region for plan- 17 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d ning and emotion E) Evidence that different locations in the brain are responsible for different sensory experiences. Patient Tan, who had damage to Broca's area in the left hemisphere (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) Phineas Gage, who had damage to the frontal lobe (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) Wilder Penfield's stimulation of the exposed brains of awake patients (select A, B, C, D, or E on the right from a dropdown) 68. The firing rate of a LGN cell changes as a function of the contrast level. According to the plot, which statement is true (The two circles represent the two extreme contrast levels corresponding to the x axis)? NEED IMAGE a) Curve B represents an ON-center LGN cell and curve C represents an OFF-center LGN cell b) Curve B represents an OFF-center LGN cell and curve C represents an ON-center LGN cell c) Curve A represents an ON-center LGN cell and curve D represents an OFF-center LGN cell d) Curve A represents an OFF-center LGN cell and curve D represents an ON-center LGN cell c) Curve A repre- sents an ON-cen- ter LGN cell and curve D repre- sents an OFF-cen- ter LGN cell 69. In cartoons like the Simpsons, unlike the real world, ________ is a difficult problem for the visual system to solve. e) none of the above 18 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d a) border ownership b) shadow analysis c) depth relationships d) amodal completion e) none of the above 70. The graph below represents: NEED IMAGE a) individual cells in retina b) the entire population of cells in visual cortex c) individual cells in visual cortex d) the entire population of ganglion cells in the retina e) none of the above c) individual cells in visual cortex 71. Which of the following is NOT a biologically evolved structure discussed in lecture that some animals use to focus light in their eyes? a) concave mirrors b) pinholes c) diverging lenses d) tubes e) converging lenses c) diverging lenses 72. V1 cells differ from retinal ganglion cells in what major way(s)? a) orientation preference b) being sensitive to contrast c) spontaneous firing rates d) a and c e) all of the above d) a and c 73. What would be a disadvantage of using only bars and edges (i.e. Hubel and Weisel's model) for processing all visual information? a) you could no longer detect color d) you would have trouble efficiently coding the visu- al information in a scene 19 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d b) you would no longer have ocular dominance columns c) you would no longer have cortical magnification d) you would have trouble efficiently coding the visual information in a scene e) none of the above 74. If you see this picture in your visual field ("+" is the center of your vision), which of the following images is a correct representation of your primary visual cor- tex? NEEDIMAGE B 75. The dashed line depicts the receptive field of a V2 neu- ron. Out of the options above, which stimulus could produce a response? NEED IMAGE a) 1 b) 2 c) 1 and 2 d) 2 and 3 e) All of the above e) All of the above 76. What is changing spatial frequency most directly anal- ogous to in the following list? a) changing contrast b) changing orientation c) changing position d) changing blur e) changing photoreceptors d) changing blur 77. 20 / 24
Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d If you lost your left LGN, you would have: a) loss of sight of the left eye b) loss of sight of the right eye c) loss of sight of the left visual field d) loss of sight of the right visual field e) no perceptible loss of sight d) loss of sight of the right visual field 78. All else equal, and assuming that the light that arrives at your retina stays constant, the same surface will appear ________ if the illumination is inferred to be ________. a) brighter; higher b) darker; higher c) the same; higher d) not enough information to know e) none of the above b) darker; higher 79. Cortical magnification is at least partially responsible for: a) decreased acuity in peripheral vision b) increased acuity in foveal vision c) retinotopy d) a and b only e) a, b, and c d) a and b only 80. Why does the human CSF degrade at night? a) easier to adapt to low contrast images b) using rods for vision c) opening the pupil reduces contrast sensitivity b) using rods for vi- sion 21 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d d) there are no visible colors at high spatial frequen- cyd) there are no visible colors at high spatial frequen- cy e) none of the above 81. The graph below shows: NEED IMAGE a) orientation tuning b) spatial frequency tuning c) position tuning d) all of the above e) none of the above b) spatial frequen- cy tuning 82. The half of the retina closer to the nose of the left eye corresponds to: a) the right visual field b) the left visual field c) the right visual cortex d) a and c e) b and c e) b and c 83. Which of the following is a good example of lightness constancy? a) when I step outside on a sunny day I can't see anything for several minutes b) the clothes I bought at the store looked like a dif- ferent color at home c) I looked at a high-contrast grating and I temporarily became less sensitive to that particular spatial fre- quency d) I stared at a waterfall for a long time and then it looked like everything was floating upwards e) my friend's shirt looks the same both outside in the sun and in this dimly lit lecture hall 22 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d e) my friend's shirt looks the same both outside in the sun and in this dimly lit lecture hall 84. What was the video shown in lecture that provided evidence that the frog's eye has "bug detector" retinal ganglion cells? a) a frog sticking its tongue out towards a laser pointer dot b) a frog catching insects in a smartphone game with its tongue c) a frog sticking its tongue out to catch a spider in a web d) a frog sticking its tongue out towards fly paper (with flies on it) and getting stuck e) none of the above b) a frog catching insects in a smart- phone game with its tongue 85. The "what" pathway in the visual system is best de- scribed as being composed of: a) areas in the frontal lobe which encode the identify- ing features of an object b) areas in the occipital lobe which code for location and motion c) areas all across the cortex which code for features of places and objects but not faces (which are handled by the "who" pathway) d) areas in the temporal and occipital lobe, which do not predominantly code for motion or location e) areas in the parietal lobe such as the FFA and PPA d) areas in the temporal and oc- cipital lobe, which do not predom- inantly code for motion or location 23 / 24
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Midterm Review - CogSci Perception C126 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_biph8d 86. According to Hubel and Wiesel's model, one hypercol- umn can measure: a) motion b) size c) depth d) color e) all of the above e) all of the above 87. Imagine that you are looking at a small metal sphere that you can hold in your hands. There is a bright spot right in the middle of the sphere which matches the color of the overhead lighting. You rotate the sphere in your hand and the spot rotates with it, until after about 180 degrees of rotation you cannot see the spot anymore. Which of the following is probably true? a) your visual system interprets this spot as a reflec- tion because it matches the color of the lighting b) your visual system interprets this spot as a reflec- tion because it moves as you turn the sphere c) your visual system interprets the spot as paint because it matches the color of the lighting d) your visual system interprets the spot as paint because it moves as you turn the sphere e) none of the above d) your visual sys- tem interprets the spot as paint be- cause it moves as you turn the sphere 24 / 24
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