Literature Review on Substance Abuse

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Determinants of Substance Abuse: Literature Review Student Name Affiliation Course Professor Name Date

2 Determinants of Substance Abuse: Literature Review Substance abuse is the consumption of illegal or psychotropic substances or alcohol that may harm a person's physical and mental health. There is a growing prevalence of substance misuse, which is a complicated and diverse problem. The frequency of drug abuse is a major problem in the US, corresponding to research by Mack et al. (2017). According to the poll, almost 20 million individuals use illicit drugs. According to the research, young folks are more likely than older people to suffer from substance abuse (ages 16 to 25). Addressing substance abuse requires one to understand its causes. Genetics can profoundly impact the development of substance misuse, according to a growing body of research. Individuals having a family history of substance abuse can be prone to addiction (Cicchetti & Handley, 2019). The results suggest that some genetic variations may make people more likely to abuse drugs. For instance, research by Blum et al. (2020) published in Nature Neuroscience found that individuals with a mutation in the receptor for the dopamine gene were more inclined to develop substance abuse issues than individuals without the mutation. Findings similar to this were published in research by Vereczkei et al. (2020), which revealed that persons with a gene mutation that controls the serotonin transporter have a greater risk of drug abuse disease. Hereditary predisposition and substance misuse may be made more likely by psychological problems, especially mental health illnesses. Mental health issues include things like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anxiety, as well as depression. People with mental health conditions are between two and four times likelier to receive a diagnosis of a drug misuse disorder, claim Czeisler et al. (2020). A study of teenagers with mental health issues provides more evidence for this hypothesis, showing that those with higher anxiety levels were more

3 prone to self-medicate with substances or alcohol (Castaldelli-Maia et al., 2019). Additionally, studies have revealed that those with psychological health issues are prone to self-medication or turning to drugs as a coping mechanism (Jones and McCance-Katz, 2019). According to this research, persons with dual diagnoses of substance abuse and mental disorders with indications of anxiety and depression were more inclined to abuse drugs and alcohol. These studies show that tackling substance abuse and addiction necessitates considering underlying causes and variables.

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4 References Blum, K., Bowirrat, A., Baron, D., Lott, L., Ponce, J. V., Brewer, R., ... & Badgaiyan, R. D. (2020). Biotechnical development of genetic addiction risk score (GARS) and selective evidence for inclusion of polymorphic allelic risk in substance use disorder (SUD). Journal of systems and integrative neuroscience, 6(2). Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Lewis, T., Marques dos Santos, N., Picon, F., Kadhum, M., Farrell, S. M., ... & Ventriglio, A. (2019). Stressors, psychological distress, and mental health problems amongst Brazilian medical students. International Review of Psychiatry, 31(7- 8), 603-607. Cicchetti, D., & Handley, E. D. (2019). Child maltreatment and the development of substance use and disorder. Neurobiology of stress, 10, 100144. Czeisler, M. É., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., ... & Rajaratnam, S. M. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049 Jones, C. M., & McCance-Katz, E. F. (2019). Co-occurring substance use and mental disorders among adults with opioid use disorder. Drug and alcohol dependence, 197, 78-82. Mack, K. A., Jones, C. M., & Ballesteros, M. F. (2017). Illicit drug use, illicit drug use disorders, and drug overdose deaths in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas— United States. American journal of transplantation, 17(12), 3241-3252. Vereczkei, A., Barta, C., Magi, A., Farkas, J., Eisinger, A., Király, O., ... & Kotyuk, E. (2022). FOXN3 and GDNF polymorphisms as common genetic factors of substance use and addictive behaviors. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(5), 690

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