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PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 childhood adversity Childhood adversity has been associated with greater emotional and physiological sensitivity to stress. -More difficulty dealing with adulthood stress -More pronounced cortisol and autonomic stress response -Disrupted cellular immune function and immune system dysreg- ulation Research findings suggest that childhood adversity may have an impact on later life cancer development. Depression: Both Risk and Result Periodic and long-term clinical depression common among among cancer patients (13 percent to 40 percent) -Linked to higher risk of early death among people with cancer Depression enhances mortality risks in cancer patients -Linked to depression of neuroendocrine and immunological func- tions in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -Causes less likelihood to adhere to recommended procedures and treatments early diagnosis Early detection and treatment can reduce treatment time overall and perhaps prevent death. Many people do not follow recommended screening or treatment schedules due to perceptions of risk and feelings of vulnerability. Genetic screening is useful in early detection but may raise psy- chosocial concerns. surgery Diagnostic surgery to obtain tissue sample Preventive surgery for removal of a benign growth Staging surgery to determine the extent of disease Curative surgery to remove a tumor Restorative surgery to reconstruct a person's appearance or the function of an organ or body part A centuries-old treatment for pain Destroying cells in the thalamus may alleviate some deep, burning pain Results of surgery are often unpredictable, last-ditch effort chemotherapy Use of medicines to treat cancer or enhance immune system's ability to selectively target cancer cells alternative treatments Generally unproven; many can relieve symptoms radiation therapy Using x-rays/gamma rays to destroy malignant tumors Cancer surgery is associated with higher levels of distress and slower rates of emotional recovery than other surgeries Side effects of chemotherapy and radiation may include loss of hair, fatigue, loss of appetite, skin rashes. Educating cancer patients about what's normal following treat- ment and for improving the quality of life may aid in recovery. emotions and coping Emotion-focused coping and denial of diagnosis may be positive trait for cancer patients. Optimistic disposition at diagnosis is associated with active, en- gaged coping style, and less psychological distress over time. -Emotional intelligence -Social and dispositional variables and adjustment 3 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 Women tend to contract AIDS at younger age and lower HIV viral load AIDS epidemic in other parts of world Most commonly transmitted through heterosexual sex Ethnic and racial differences in HIV transmission rates reflect SES drug use difference and acceptance of varied sexual practices In U.S., AIDS has taken greatest toll on young men, particularly young African-Americans. An estimated 1.2 million people in the United States are living with HIV, and almost one in eight (12.8 percent) are unaware of their infection. In 2010, youth (aged 13 to 24) comprised 17 percent of U.S. population, but accounted for 26 percent of all new HIV infections. Increase in HIV among those over age 50 is partly due to ad- vanced HIV therapy, which has increased life expectancy. Risk and symptoms of HIV and other STIs may be masked in older people. aids and gender The rate of AIDS among women is increasing at a faster rate than that of men. In 2013, women accounted for estimated 20 percent of new HIV infections. Most of these cases (84 percent) were from heterosexual contact. African-American women and Latinas are disproportionately af- fected by HIV compared with women of other races/ethnicities. demographic patterns of aids Ethnic/racial differences in rates of HIV transmission are thought to reflect sociocultural differences in drug use and the acceptance of homosexual and bisexual practices. -Needle sharing -Initial spread among U.S. drug users and gay men in part due to the small, closed nature of these communities How HIV is transmitted Unprotected sex—primarily vaginal and anal intercourse Blood, including by transfusion (hemophilia), accidental needle sticks, or needle sharing Mother-to-child transmission—during birth or through breast feed- ing Transplantation of infected tissue How HIV Is Transmitted to Children Children are usually infected through the HIV-positive mother's blood that passes through the placenta during labor and birth. -26 million children worldwide -73 percent of 1.5 million pregnant, HIV positive women globally receiving antiviral therapy -New infections dropped 58 percent between 2000 and 2014 AIDS is not transmitted by: Donating blood Exposure to airborne particles, food, or insect bites Shaking hands, drinking from same cup Sharing a work or home environment Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and HIV People with other STIs are up to five times more likely to acquire HIV infection if exposed to the virus. -Genital ulcers cause lesions in genital tract lining -Inflammation increases concentration of CD4+ and other cells, serve as targets for HIV 6 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 Promoting Disclosure of HIV-Positive Status Research studies reveal that many college students would lie about their sexual history to obtain sex. AIDS is having a wide and varied effect on legal systems. In some states, persons who knowingly transmit any STD are guilty of a misdemeanor; in others, a felony. Effective interventions are those that: Target high-risk behavior among at-risk individuals Teach specific skills to reduce risk Promote communication skills necessary to maintain lower-risk sexual relationships Address social and cultural norms that surround sexual activity Focus on improving self-esteem and feelings of self-efficacy Address faulty thinking Involve coordinated, community-level education Despite massive educational efforts, rates of condom use and other safer sex behaviors are low. Media depictions of sexual encounters do little to promote inter- ventions aimed at promoting safe sex. Misconceptions of HIV/AIDS are common (e.g., that danger of infection depends on the depth of the relationship with one's partner). costs of pain $600 billion annually; equal to $2,000 for every person in U.S. prevalence Affecting more than 1.5 billion people worldwide Chronic pain affects at least 10 percent of the world's population Most common reason people seek medical treatment chronic pain Pain that lasts six months or longer—long past the normal healing period dull, burning pain that is long-lasting May be continuous or intermittent, moderate or severe, and felt in any part of the body's tissue Hyperalgesia Condition in which a chronic pain sufferer becomes more sensitive to pain over time May facilitate recovery by stimulating recuperative behaviors A normal adaptation during sickness Psychophysical studies Mind-body problem: How does conscious awareness derive from and affect the physical sensations of the body? Electromyography (EMG)—assess the amount of muscle tension experienced by pain sufferers -Indicators of autonomic arousal—using measures of heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc. to measure pain 9 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 -Actions that are a response to pain, such as taking drugs, gri- macing, or taking time from school or work Pharmacological Treatments Analgesic (pain-relieving) drugs are the mainstay of pain control -Include "central acting" opioid drugs and "peripherally acting" nonopioid drugs Opioid Analgesics, formerly called narcotics Agonists (excitatory chemicals) act on receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the intensity of pain messages or the brain's response to pain messages -Most powerful and widely used opioid is morphine Patient-controlled analgesia is a possible solution to the tendency of many physicians to undermedicate pain. Nonopioid Analgesics Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -Aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and other drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation at the site of injured tissue Prostaglandin -The chemical responsible for localized pain and inflammation; also causes free nerve endings to become more and more sen- sitized Counterirritation Analgesia in which one pain is relieved by creating another coun- teracting stimulus Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) Counterirritation form of analgesia involving electrically stimulat- ing spinal nerves near a painful area Portable TENS machines help relieve the pain of thousands of sufferers. After the person logistically places the pads (shown above) on either side of the painful area, he or she can hook the small electrical conduit to a belt and continue with daily activities while pulses are delivered to the body. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Multidisciplinary pain-management program that combines cog- nitive, physical, and emotional interventions; dominant model for treating chronic pain No single pain control technique has proven to be the most effec- tive in relieving chronic pain Many providers use an eclectic approach with pain patients Education and Goal-Setting Providing explanation about differences between acute and chronic pain; the mechanisms of gate control theory; and the contributions of depression, anxiety, lack of activity, and other controllable factors to pain Generating examples from personal pain experiences; setting specific and measurable goals Cognitive Interventions Enhance patients' self-efficacy and sense of control over pain -Cognitive errors in the thinking of pain patients -Catastrophizing -Overgeneralizing -Victimization -Self-blame -Dwelling on the pain Cognitive Distraction Diverts attention away from a painful stimulus and diminishes self-reported pain intensity by 30 to 40 percent Seems to reduce activity in pain processing regions of the cortex May engage some of the descending pain-inhibitory pathways that catastrophizing seems to disrupt 12 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 social-evaluative threat A stressor in which people fear negative evaluation by others of their appearance or ability. stereotype threat The experience of stress in a situation where a person's ability, appearance, or other characteristic has the potential to confirm a negative viewpoint about his or her social group. work overload People who feel they have to work too long and hard at too many tasks feel more stressed, have poorer health habits, experience more accidents and more health problems. role overload Problem associated with juggling multiple roles simultaneously -Scarcity hypothesis: Because time is limited, multiple roles are damaging -Enhancement hypothesis: The benefits of meaningful work in enhancing self-esteem outweigh the costs scarcity hypothesis Because time is limited, multiple roles are damaging enhancement hypothesis The benefits of meaningful work in enhancing self-esteem out- weigh the costs burnout Job-related state of physical and psychological exhaustion Jobs that involve responsibility for other people appear to have higher levels of burnout. For example: Nurses Firefighters Air traffic controllers Burnout is not an inevitable employment consequence job demands and lack of control Workers feel more stress when they have little or no control over the procedures, pace, and other aspects of their jobs. -Frankenhaeuser: Low-control jobs had significantly higher stress levels -Karasek: Demand-control model; job strain other sources of job-related stress Role ambiguity or conflict Shiftwork Job loss Lack of fairness and inadequate career advancement social interactions Often serve as buffers against work stress immunosuppression Linked to loneliness, interpersonal conflict, bereavement-related depression, caregiver roles Walter Cannon Fight-or-flight reaction -Outpouring of epinephrine, cortisol and other hormones that pre- pare an organism to defend against a threat -Adaptive for our ancestors -May contribute to stress-related illnesses in modern times role of the brain and nervous system Reticular formation to thalamus tohypothalamus to limbic system to cerebral cortex Route for information about a potential stressor Higher brain regions to reticular formation to target organs, mus- cles, and glands controlled by sympathetic nervous system Body mobilized for defensive action 15 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 The Diathesis-Stress Model Individual's susceptibility to stress and illness is determined by two interacting factors: Predisposing factors (in the person) -Genetic vulnerability -Acquired behavioral or personality traits -Biological system reactivity Precipitating factors (from the environment) -Traumatic experiences Both genetic and environmental factors affect our susceptibility to stress and illness Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Psychological disorder triggered by exposure to an extreme trau- matic stressor Associated with combat and catastrophic environmental events Recognized as an independent disorder during the Vietnam War Psychological symptoms include haunting memories and night- mares, mental distress, flashbacks Physiological symptoms include increased cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, testosterone, and thyroxin over time. Frequent occurrence (comorbidity) of substance abuse problems, depression, anxiety disorder. People who feel a lack of social support, women who experience harassment or sexual assault, and those with lower intelligence may be especially susceptible. glucocorticoid model Stress interferes with the immune systems sensitivity to the glu- cocorticoid hormones that normally help control inflammation, which helps explain the tole of stress sin disorders such as asthma and arthritis coping Cognitive, behavioral, and emotional ways in which people man- age stressful situations Dynamic process, not a one-time reaction The idea that people can overcome challenges to experience a more hardy state is relatively new in health and disease research. Post-traumatic growth (PTG) -Positive psychological change experienced as the result of strug- gle with a highly challenging life circumstance -Referred to as benefit finding or thriving coping strategies vary in effectiveness Some provide only temporary relief Some are maladaptive in the long run problem-focused coping Coping strategy dealing directly with a stressor by reducing its de- mands or increasing one's resources for meeting those demands -Perception of availability of changeable resources -Reducing demands or increasing coping dealing capacity emotion-focused coping Coping strategy in which a person tries to control his or her emotional response to a stressor -Escape-avoidance -Distancing -Positive reappraisal 18 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 activity level, rose by 42 percent in the optimists, but only by 9 percent in pessimists. Broaden-and-build theory Positive emotions increase physical, cognitive, and social re- sources, which in turn help people cope more effectively with stressful experiences and live healthier lives. Positive emotions increase physical, cognitive, and social re- sources with aid in coping Unrealistic optimism If a person thinks good outcomes are bound to happen, he/she may not do anything in the face of illness. Optimistic bias Belief that other people are more likely than oneself to develop a disease, be injured, or experience other negative events "ABC's" of Optimism Learned optimism can occur when early life identified pessimism changes to optimism. Adversity -Interpreting events as external, temporary and specific Beliefs Consequences personal control The belief that people make their own decisions and determine what they do or what others do to them Self-efficacy (Albert Bandura) Associated with adaptive, problem-focused coping and healthier lifestyle behavior regulatory control Ways in which people modulate their thinking, emotions, and behavior over time and across changing circumstances Good regulatory control -Calmer, able to delay gratification, control emotions, more prob- lem-focused coping Less effective control (under-controlled) -Impulsive, unable to delay gratification, aggressive, venting Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) Changes in cardiovascular activity that are related to psychologi- cal stress Threat appraisal: Vascular response; total peripheral resistance; myocardial reactivity Reactivity hypothesis Individuals who show large changes in blood pressure and vas- cular resistance to stress have increased risk of developing heart disease Some controversy; may offer partial explanation choice Minimal or no choice has been linked to detrimental effects on motivation, performance, and health. Too much choice may be detrimental to motivation and well-being Cultural differences in choice Individualistic versus collectivistic cultures and subcultures -Not as much depression when less control for collectivistic cul- tures 21 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 social support Companionship from others that conveys emotional concern, ma- terial assistance, or honest feedback People who perceive strong social support experience: -Faster recoveries -Fewer medical complications -Lower mortality rates at any age (Alameda County study) -Less distress in the face of terminal illness Research findings note the protective value of social relationships on health in general and cancer-related stress in particular. Unsupportive, negative behaviors that minimize, force cheerful- ness, or patronize are associated with poorer adjustments. Intervention timing after diagnosis produces different outcomes buffering hypothesis May mitigate stress indirectly through the use of more effective coping strategies a theory that social support produces its stress-busting effects indirectly by helping the individual cope more effectively Friends Can Prevent or Eliminate Stress Throughout our lives, friends can be an important stress-busting resource. If we perceive a high level of social support from our friends, we are better able to cope with stress. Social support is also associated with faster recovery and fewer medical complica- tions after surgery, lower mortality rates, and less distress in the face of a terminal illness. (Hero Images/Getty Images) who receives social support? People with better social skills receive more support. Angry and hostile people receive less support than agreeable people do. Angry people report more negative life events. Angry people make others feel more stress. Social support may actually backfire when: It is not wanted or is inadequate The type of support offered is not what is needed at the moment Too much social support increases a person's stress Other Factors Related to Effective Coping Gratitude Humor Pets Spirituality Stress management Variety of psychological methods designed to reduce the impact of potentially stressful experiences Stress inoculation training Reconceptualization Skill acquisition Follow-through Relaxation Therapies Progressive muscle relaxation -Form of training that reduces muscle tension through a series of tensing and relaxing exercises Relaxation response -Meditative state of slowed metabolism and lowered blood pres- sure Deep breathing and visualization 22 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 Positive self-affirmation or self-talk cognitive behavioral therapy Teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions The use of principles from learning theory to change unhealthy patterns of thinking and behavior Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) Focuses on using structured meditation to promote mindfulness, a moment-to-moment, nonjudgmental awareness Suggests stress can be reduced by overriding autopilot behavior mode and focusing on present moment Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) Used to self-regulate negative reactions to stress fMRI research on brain functioning and mindfulness training Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM) CBSM has proven effective in helping people cope with hyperten- sion, depression associated with chronic illness, and in reducing HPA axis hormones. Stress inoculation training includes three-stage process that helps build "immunity" to stressful events. emotional disclosure James Pennebaker -Expressive writing studies Emotional disclosure is associated with a variety of positive health benefits. -Increased cardiovascular mortality -Reduced physiological activity linked to event -Increased likelihood of reappraisal and development of plan to deal with stressful situation stressor any event or situation that triggers coping adjustments stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis the body's initial, rapid-acting response to stress, involving the re- lease of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla under the direction of the sympathetic nervous system hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis the body's delayed response to stress, involving the secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level Corticosteroids hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that fight inflammation, promote healing, and trigger the release of stored energy ecological momentary assessment (EMA) a method of measuring stress that involves repeated sampling of people's behaviors and experiences in real time, and in their natural environment psychoneuroimmunology the field of research that emphasizes the interaction of psycholog- ical, neural, and immunological processes in stress and illness allostatic load (allostasis) the cumulative long-term effects of the body's physiological re- sponse to stress glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) resistance model the idea that chronic stress promotes the development and pro- gression of disease by reducing the sensitivity of immune system receptors to glucocorticoid hormones such as cortisol, thereby 23 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 interfering with the body's ability to regulate the inflammatory response general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Selye's term for the body's reaction to stress, which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion transactional model Lazarus's theory that the experience of stress depends as much on the individual's cognitive appraisal of a potential stressor's impact as it does on the event or situation itself primary appraisal a person's initial determination of an event's meaning, whether irrelevant, benign-positive, or threatening secondary appraisal a person's determination of whether his or her own resources and abilities are sufficient to meet the demands of an event that is appraised as potentially threatening or challenging cognitive appraisal the process by which potentially stressful events are constantly reevaluated diathesis-stress model the model that proposes that two interacting factors determine an individual's susceptibility to stress and illness: predisposing factors in the person (such as genetic vulnerability) and precipitating factors from the environment (such as traumatic experiences) reactivity our physiological reaction to stress, which varies by individual and affects our vulnerability to illness Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) A psychological disorder triggered by exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor, such as combat or a natural disaster. Symp- toms of PTSD include haunting memories and nightmares of the traumatic event, extreme mental distress, and unwanted flash- backs. rumination repetitive focusing on the causes, meanings, and consequences of stressful experiences emotional cascade becoming so focused on an upsetting event that one gets worked into an intense, painful state of negative emotion emotional-approach coping (EAC) the process of working through, clarifying, and understanding the emotions triggered by a stressor psychological control the perception that one can determine one's own behavior and influence the environment to bring about desired outcomes microaggression insults indignities, and marginalizing messages sent by well inten- tioned people who seem unaware of the hidden messages that they are sending minority stress theory the concept that proposes that health disparities among minority individuals are due to chronically high levels of stress experienced by members of stigmatized groups explanatory style our general propensity to attribute outcomes always to positive causes or always to negative causes, such as personality, luck, or another person's actions optimistic bias The belief that other people, but not oneself, will develop a dis- ease, have an accident, or experience other negative events. cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) changes in cardiovascular activity that are related to psychological stress reactivity hypothesis the hypothesis that individuals who show large changes in blood pressure and vascular resistance to stress have increased risk of developing heart disease repressive coping an emotion-focused coping style in which we attempt to inhibit our emotional responses, especially in social situations, so we can view ourselves as imperturbable negative affectivity (NA) A coping style or personality dimension consisting of chronic negative emotions and distress; also known as neuroticism 24 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 direct effect hypothesis a theory that social support produces its beneficial effects during both stressful and non-stressful times by enhancing the body's physical responses to challenging situations stress management the various psychological methods designed to reduce the impact of potentially stressful experiences progressive muscle relaxation a form of relaxation training that reduces muscle tension through a series of tensing and relaxing exercises involving the body's major muscle groups relaxation response a meditative state of relaxation in which metabolism slows and blood pressure lowers stress inoculation training a cognitive behavioral treatment in which people identify stressors in their lives and learn skills for coping with them so that when those stressors occur, they are able to put those skills into effect cancer a set of diseases in which abnormal body cells multiply and spread in uncontrolled fashion, often forming a tissue mass called a tumor metastasis The process in which malignant cells spread from one part of the body to another. carcinoma cancer of the epithelial cells that line the outer and inner surfaces of the body; includes breast, prostate, lung, and skin cancer sarcoma cancer that strikes muscles, bones, and cartilage lymphoma cancer of the body's lymph system; includes Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma leukemia cancer of the blood and blood-producing system carcinogen a cancer-causing agony such as tobacco, ultraviolet radiation, or an environmental toxin consideration of future consequences the extent to which individuals consider, and are influenced by, the potential future outcomes of their behavior melanoma a potentially deadly form of cancer that strikes the melatonin-con- taining cells of the skin Early exposure, thinning of ozone layer, tanning comparative optimism the tendency to think that one will experience more positive and fewer negative events than others Immunocompetence the overall ability of the immune system, at any given time, to defend the body against the harmful effects of foreign agents immune surveillance theory the theory that cells of the immune system play a monitoring function in searching for and destroying abnormal cells such as those that form tumors immunotherapy chemotherapy in which medications are used to support or en- hance the immune system's ability to target cancer cells selec- tively post-traumatic growth (PTG) Positive psychological change experienced as the result of strug- gle with a highly challenging life circumstance. Also referred to as benefit finding, or thriving. systematic desensitization a form of behavior therapy, commonly used for overcoming pho- bias, in which the person is exposed to a series of increasingly fearful situations while remaining deeply relaxed sexually transmitted infections (STIs) infections that are spread primarily through person-to-person sex- ual contact communicable disease a disease that is transmitted from human to another human, from a human to an animal, or from an animal to a human the most advanced stages HIV infection, defined by a T cell count of less than 200 and the occurrence of opportunistic infections or 25 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) HIV-related cancers that take advantage of a weakened immune system human immunodeficiency virus a virus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function pandemic worldwide epidemic hemophilia a genetic disease in which the blood fails to clot quickly enough, causing uncontrollable bleeding from even the smallest cut retrovirus a virus that copies its genetic information onto the DNA of a host cell dynamic tailoring the delivery of individualized and targeted health messages over multiple periods of time clinical pain pain that requires some form of medical treatment acute pain sharp, stinging pain that is short-lived and usually related to tissue damage recurrent pain involves episodes of discomfort interspersed with periods in which the individual is relatively pain-free, that recur for more than three months hyperalgesia a condition in which a chronic pain sufferer becomes more sensi- tive to pain over time free nerve endings sensory receptors found throughout the body that respond to temperature, pressure, and painful stimuli Nociceptor a specialized neuron that responds to painful stimuli fast nerve fibers large, myelinated nerve fibers that transmit sharp, stinging pain slow nerve fibers small, unmyelinated nerve fibers that carry dull, aching pain substantia gelatinosa the dorsal region of the spinal cord where both fast and slow pain fibers synapse with sensory nerves on their way to the brain referred pain pain manifested in an area of the body that is sensitive to pain, but caused by disease or injury in an area of the body that has few pain receptors substance P a neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord that stimulates the transmission cells to send pain signals to the brain enkephalins endogenous (naturally occurring) opioids found in nerve endings of cells in the brain and spinal cord that bind to opioid receptors periaqueductal gray (PAG) a region of the midbrain the plays an important role in the per- ception of pain; electrical stimulation in this region activates a descending neural pathway that produces analgesia by "closing the pain gate" anterior cingulate cortex the front part of the cingulate cortex, which resembles a collar in surrounding the corpus callosum, and plays a role in pain processing and many self-regulating functions endogenous opiate peptides opiatelike substances naturally produced by the body stress-induced analgesia a stress-related increase in tolerance to pain, presumably medi- ated by the body's endorphin system naloxone an opioid antagonist that binds to opioid receptors in the body to block the effects of natural opiates and painkillers gate-control theory the idea that there is a neural "gate" in the spinal cord that regulates the experience of pain phantom limb pain pain following amputation of a limb; false pain sensations that appear to originate in the missing limb pain behaviors actions that are a response to pain, such as taking drugs, grimac- ing, or taking time off from school or work 26 / 27

PSYC 4080 exam 3 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6bgy51 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and other analgesic drugs that relieve pain and reduce inflammation at the site of injured tissue prostaglandin the chemical substance responsible for localized pain and inflam- mation; prostaglandin also causes free nerve endings to become more and more sensitized as time passes counterirritation Analgesia in which one pain is relieved by creating another, coun- teracting stimulus transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) a counterirritation form of analgesia involving electrically stimulat- ing spinal nerves near a painful area catastrophisizing an error in thinking in which a person believes something, such as pain, as far worse than it actually is pain management programs an individualized, multimodal intervention aimed at modifying chronic pain through neurological, cognitive, and behavioral strategies 27 / 27