A.Origins Lecture

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Jan 9, 2024

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Alcala 1 Denisse Alcala John Olgin ASTR 1303 09/14/2023 A.Origins-The Big Bang 1- Name and describe the stages of the universe’s evolution. The universe evolved with two major stages, the radiation era and the matter era. The Era is separated in to eight epochs such as the Planck, Grand unified, Inflationary, Elec- troweak, Quark, Hadron, Lepton and Nuclear. All these moments are part from which na- ture or situations change to such a degree that it marks the beginning of a new era or age. The next era is the matter era, this era consists of three major epochs such as the Atomic, Galactic and Stellar which span for billions of years including present day. 2- What two types of physics are used to describe how the universe began? What are some problems that scientist faced when understanding the problem? Cosmology and astrophysics are the two types of physics that are used to describe how the universe began. Some problems that scientists faced when understanding how the uni- verse began were that astrophysicists and cosmologists misinterpreted evidence like the redshift of celestial bodies and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The idea is that the universe grew from singularity and after inflation it settled into the more gradu- ally expanding universe we see today. Although singularities are problematic because physics and math itself don’t make sense when everything is packed into a point that's in- finitely small. 3- What is the Plank Epoch? The plank epoch is the earliest period of time in the history of the universe from zero to approximately 10−43 seconds. During this period, gravitation is believed to have been as strong as the other fundamental forces and all the forces may have been unified. Incon- ceivably hot and dense, the state of the universe during the Planck epoch was unstable, tending to evolve, giving rise to the familiar manifestations of the fundamental forces through a process known as symmetry breaking. 4- How did discoveries from Edwin Hubble and other scientists validate the Big Bang Theory? Hubble's law allowed astronomers to calculate how long ago galaxies started moving apart, which provides an estimate of when the Big Bang occurred and how old the Uni- verse is. Hubble's brilliant observation was that the red shift of galaxies was directly pro-
Alcala 2 portional to the distance of the galaxy from earth. That meant that things farther away from Earth were moving away faster. In other words, that the universe was expanding which proves the big bang theory. 5- What were the results of the the SLOAN Digital Survey? How does it refine our un- derstanding of the universe? Measurements of large scale structure in the SLOAN Digital Survey includes spectro - scopic data for well over half a million galaxies at redshifts up to 0.8 roughly 7 billion light years distant, and over a hundred thousand quasars to redshift 3.0 and beyond. As well, maps of galaxies, quasars, and intergalactic gas have become a central pillar for tests of the standard cosmological model that describes our understanding of the history and future of the Universe. SDSS data have helped to demonstrate that the Universe is dominated by unseen dark matter and pervasive dark energy, and seeded with structure by quantum fluctuations in the infant cosmos. Those fluctuations have grown into the large- scale structure we see today.
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