2315 Ch 1 Summative Assessment
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2315
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Apr 3, 2024
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CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSIONS and CASE STUDY
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1A Legislate Morality: Discuss the meaning of "You can't legislate morality." Do you think that morality could and/or should be legislated? It is hard to legislate morality because people are raised in different circumstances, beliefs, and culture. However, when disagreements needs to be settled, morality needs to be legislated.
1B Ethical Theories: Nine (9) Ethical Theories discussed in Chapter 1 of Pozgar: Meta-Ethics, Normative Ethics, Descriptive Ethics, Applied Ethics, Consequential Ethics, Utilitarian Ethics, Deontological Ethics, Nonconsequential Ethics, and Ethical Relativism.
Each are very important in the medical environment and make it more understandable why decisions regarding medical care are difficult and obscure. Discuss the differences between Nonconsequential Ethics and Consequential Ethics. Would you lean toward being a Nonconsequential or Consequential Ethicist? Why? I believe that it depends on the degree of the outcome. For instance, in Bad Outcome, Good Intentions mentioned in the book under Nonconsequential Ethics, I am in favor of Consequential Ethics. In
this case they are treating prepping the leg for surgery being considered a good intention, however, prepping a patient for surgery is also their job, so prepping the and operating the wrong leg is also a poorly executed job. Someone didn’t pay attention to what they were doing that caused a bad outcome, so I believe that a Consequential Ethics needs to happen in order to try to avoid another bad outcome in the future.
1C Principles of Ethics: Pozgar presents 4 Principles of Ethics: Autonomy,
Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Justice. These principles must guide your actions in a medical environment.
When it has been determined by the caregiver (usually physician) that no other treatments are available (nice way of saying you have numbered days before death). Patients need to be encouraged, especially when facing death.
1. What would you tell a patient you have determined the patient has no other treatments available, and the length of time prior to death is limited?
2. On which of the 9 Ethical Theories would you base your statement to the patient?
I would use the Beneficence principal of ethics. Instead of saying, “ There is nothing else I can do for you.” I would say something similar to what the book taught us “I am not aware of any other treatments for your illness; however, I have some ideas about how I can help treat your symptoms and make you more comfortable. In Addition, I will keep you informed as to any significant research that may be helpful in treating your disease processes.”
CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSIONS and CASE STUDY
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
1D Virtue Ethics and Values: Virtues are those characteristics that differentiate good people from bad people. A morally virtuous person is one who does the good and right thing by habit, not merely based on a set of rules of conduct. Values are the standards by which we measure the goodness of our lives.
1. Is it possible for values to change? Why or why not? I believe that it is possible to change values. Sometimes a person goes through major event in life that it changes they way they see life, the way they act, and what they believe. 2. May virtues be conflicted making it difficult to select an action because following one standard may be in conflict with another? Can you think of an example of this? Yes, honesty against kindness.
Case Study #1: Deb Sullivan was a patient at XYZ Surgery Center and scheduled to have a left eye laser cataract removal with intraocular lens implant. The patient provided permission for the surgery with an understanding of the possible complications.
When the patient arrived at the Surgery Center, she was taken to the OR holding area, prepped and draped, and sent to the OR. Dr. Fitzpatrick attempted to remove the cataract, but he discovered that the patient had extensive scarring in her eye due to previous injuries to her eye. Therefore, the surgeon made the decision to do the cataract removal on the right eye since there were cataracts on the right eye, and the left eye vision would not
be improved through removal of the cataract. That surgery was successful with intraocular lens implant.
The patient was awakened and surprised that the left eye had the same poor
vision as prior to surgery, but the right eye had amazing vision unlike prior to
surgery. Now she had drops which needed to be put in both eyes for 2 weeks, and the patient was concerned that she would lose her vision in her left eye.
1. Which principle was possibly trespassed by the physician? Autonomy.
2. What would you advise the patient to do? Failure to obtain informed consent is a crime—medical malpractice, specifically—and the doctor can be charged with negligence and battery.
CHAPTER 1 DISCUSSIONS and CASE STUDY
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
3. Do you think there was wrongdoing in this case? Yes. The doctor upon noticing that the removal of the cataract wouldn’t work because of the past damages to the eye the patient already had. The doctor should still proceed with the removal, the best he could and finish the surgery there. Then once the patient was awake, explain what he did and what he found, and then suggest surgery on the right eye instead. Once with the approval of the patient, if accepted, then schedule a surgery for the right eye.
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