It is vital for all the healthcare professionals to understand about cells and pathophysiology of a

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Case Study Name Institution Course Instructor Date

2 Case Study It is vital for all the healthcare professionals to understand about cells and pathophysiology of a disease because it plays a role in enabling then understand about the diagnosis and the treatment approaches to adopt. It is essential for them to focus on the environments and genes which various cell processes operate in addition to other variables that can enhance the development of disease (Ahmed, 2020). The case study analysis is about a 65 year old African American man presents to the HCP with complaints of constipation, left lower quadrant pain and fevers. The paper seeks to elaborate on the reason why the patient presented with the symptoms, the association of genes in the disease development and immunosuppression process. Reasons for presentation of the symptoms The patient presented with the symptoms because of adenocarcinoma of the colon which presents with recurrent changes in the bowel pattern including constipation or diarrhea, bleeding in the rectum, abdominal cramps, blood in stool and lower left quadrant pain (Recio- Boiles et al., 2019). Most cases of adenocarcinoma are also linked to a family history of colon cancer age over 60 years and a history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Most of the cancers that are related to the rectum and colon arise from the adenomatous polyp cluster which consists of abnormal growth pattern (Ahmed, 2020). The cells continuously grow and they can become adenocarcinomas resulting to the presence of abnormalities in the rectum and colon leading to presentation of various symptoms such as those that the patient experienced. Genes associated with the disease Various genes are associated with adenocarcinoma of the colon. Mutations in the genes which are associated with lynch syndrome such as MLH1, MSH2, PMS2 and MSH6

3 are most common (Recio-Boiles et al., 2019). The protein product of the various genes play a role in helping repair various mistakes that are present in DNA replication. Presence of mutation of the genes causes the proteins not to work properly and therefore there are replication of mistakes which are no repaired leading to damages of the DNA and therefore causing uncontrolled cell division of the adenomatous polyp clusters. The presence of many polyp in the colon causes the existence of the colon cancer. Process of immunosuppression Immunosuppression prevents the ability of the body to fight various infections and other disease and therefore preventing effective response to foreign antigens. Immunosuppression mainly results when the immune effector cells are killed or when there is blockage of the intracellular pathways that are vital for elements of immune response (Rice, 2019). In relation to the adenocarcinomas present in the colon, the accumulation of the abnormal cells that continuously multiply has an effect on the process of absorption and assimilation of nutrients. The inability of a person to access various nutrients from food causes the presence of impaired immunity. Presence of immunosuppression in the individuals with adenocarcinoma of the colon is mainly associated with the destruction of lymphocytes during treatment using chemotherapy and radiation (Rice, 2019). In presence of immunosuppression, an individual can have an increased risk of various opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia which are related with high mortality rates. Other common side effects of immunosuppression include; increased body weakness, fever nausea, vomiting and loss appetite. Conclusion

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4 To sum up, the patient presents with various symptoms including fever, complaints of constipation, left lower quadrant pain which are common in adenocarcinoma of the colon. Mutation of the genes causes the proteins not to work properly leading to presence of uncontrolled cell division. Immunosuppression is related with various negative health outcomes due to impaired immunity.

5 References Ahmed, M. (2020). Colon Cancer: A Clinician’s Perspective in 2019. Gastroenterology Research , 13 (1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.14740/gr1239 Recio-Boiles, A., Waheed, A., & Cagir, B. (2019, June 3). Cancer, Colon . Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470380/ Rice, J. M. (2019). Immunosuppression (R. A. Baan, B. W. Stewart, & K. Straif, Eds.). PubMed; International Agency for Research on Cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570319/

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