Code Sabu Proposal (1)

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Mental Health Problems in Students Name of the Student- Name of the University- Student’s ID- 1

Abstract The influence of mental health issues on pupils was the subject of this investigation. The entire endeavor has been broken down into five sections by the researcher. The purpose of the first chapter is to provide background information about the project. The study's goals and research questions are outlined in this section. There's now a statement about the study's purpose as well. An overview of the project has been conveyed through the dissertation format stated in this chapter. It's all about literature in the second portion of the chapter. All of the secondary data has been discussed in this section. For the sake of authenticity, this chapter has included citations from a wide range of academics. A conceptual framework, on the other hand, would help students understand the facts presented in this chapter. This endeavor fills a gap in previous research that the researcher had previously discovered. The overall technique was outlined in chapter three by the researcher. Design, methodology, sample size, and so on have all been considered in this study's scope. Many students find college to be a stressful experience. It can be difficult for some students to separate themselves from their families of origin, while others may face a myriad of family and work obligations. The onset or development of mental health and substance misuse problems is common among college students during this time. 2

Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Background of the Research .............................................................................................................. 4 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................. 4 Research Aim .................................................................................................................................... 5 Research Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 5 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................... 5 Literature review ................................................................................................................................... 5 Mental health problems in students ................................................................................................... 5 Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders ............................................................................................. 6 Substance use Among Young Adults in College ................................................................................ 6 Rational ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Method .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Design ............................................................................................................................................... 8 Participants ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Timetable ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Table 1: Gantt chart ....................................................................................................................... 9 Implication ........................................................................................................................................ 9 References ........................................................................................................................................... 10 3

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Introduction College students frequently suffer from mental health issues. Because many undergraduate students face a difficult time during their first year of college, this may be a factor. Traditionally, students entering college in the traditional college model are significantly younger, are financially dependent on their parents, and do not work full or part-time after high school ( Castaldelli-Maia et al ., 2019) . As a result, these students may be forced to assume more adult-like tasks before they have fully developed the skills and cognitive maturity that are required for adulthood. Having roommates from other countries or with different cultural and religious backgrounds may be a source of stress for many typical college students, especially if they have never worked or been in a serious relationship that could lead to marriage ( Meda et al ., 2021) . A growing body of research indicates that the condition manifests itself in children and adolescents, with as many as one-third of adult BAD sufferers experiencing symptoms before the age of 12 years old. Even though suicide is not officially recognized as a medical illness, it is a significant problem among college students The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and plans among college students was 6.7 percent, with 0.5 percent having attempted suicide in the previous year. Background of the Research A large percentage of non-traditional college students are working and may have additional family members besides their spouses. As a result, this particular cohort of students may have to juggle schoolwork alongside responsibilities to their jobs and families. Mental health and drug abuse issues might continue or worsen among college students in these circumstances, and they may not be receiving appropriate or acceptable care ( Gitay et al., 2019) . As more and more children and adolescents are diagnosed with mental health issues and prescribed psychotropic medications, the number of young people with mental health issues enrolling in college has increased significantly. Psychologists at counseling institutions must be able to handle the unique challenges faced by students of different ages, such as typical and non- traditional college students. In this post, the common beginning and prevalence of mental health and drug abuse issues among college students will be discussed. 4

Problem Statement The consumption of alcoholic beverages and illegal substances reaches a peak in adolescence and then gradually drops throughout middle life. Because of this, it is not surprising that college students are plagued by substance usage issues. Alcohol use disorder was diagnosed in the preceding year by one out of every five college students. Research Aim The study aims to analyze the Mental health problems in students. Research Objectives  To understand Mental health problems in students  To know the Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders  To analyze the coping mechanism they use to deal with their mental health problem Research Questions  What are mental health problems in students?  How prevalence of Mental Health Disorders?  What coping mechanism they use to deal with their mental health problem? Literature review Mental health problems in students In college students, depression is a common mental health issue, with prevalence rates ranging from 7% to 9%. Adolescence and early adulthood account for more than half of all depression cases. In a similar vein, studies have indicated that the likelihood of developing a mood disorder increases steadily with age, starting in the early teens. One in every five people with depression, according to the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication research, experienced their first episode by the age of 25. Based on this data set, the bipolar disorder appears to have a similar beginning pattern to manic depression ( Grant et al ., 2018). The BAD requirements are met by approximately 3.2 percent of college students. It is necessary to implement screening procedures to identify students who are contemplating suicide and to get them into therapy as soon as possible. Depression, despair, and drug abuse are all key contributors to suicide attempts among people in this age bracket. Bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating are all prevalent eating disorders that commonly begin in youth and worsen rapidly as people enter their early adult years ( Novara, 2021) . According to a survey of 2,822 college students, 9.5 percent of students were found to have an eating disorder, with a larger number of girls than men in the study group. Bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder had 5

their highest risk of onset between the ages of 17 and 18, whereas purging behavior had its highest chance of onset between the ages of 18 and 20. A considerable impairment was reported in both complete and subthreshold eating disorders, with the former being considerably more prevalent than the latter. Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders The majority of mental health illnesses begin in early adulthood. 75 percent of persons who will acquire a mental illness have already had their first onset by the time they are 25 years old. While attending college might be stressful, it can also intensify or even precipitate preexisting mental health issues that began in infancy. Additionally, the pressures of their numerous employment may place a great deal of stress on non-traditional students. When it comes to college students, anxiety disorders are the most common mental health issue they encounter, affecting 11.9 percent of them ( Grasdalsmoen et al ., 2020) . According to the findings of the study, those who suffer from panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder all develop their disorders later than those who suffer from social phobia. According to a new study, one-third of 14-year-olds in a community sample developed post-traumatic stress disorder by the time they were sixteen years old. The student with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or obsessional compulsive disorder (OCD) may first notice signs and symptoms while in college. Coping mechanism they use to deal with their mental health problem A person's emotional well-being can be maintained through the use of coping methods throughout difficult situations. Psychological stress may be caused by significant life events, whether they be happy or sad. Most individuals are affected by difficult occurrences, such as divorce, miscarriage, the death of a loved one, or the loss of a career. Even joyful events like getting married, having a kid, and purchasing a home can cause tremendous stress ..... This stress can lead people to use a variety of methods to cope with the circumstance, including action, cognition, and emotion. When it comes to coping, there are two types: problem- focused and emotion-focused. Emotion-focused coping techniques can help people cope with any suffering caused by the situation, whereas problem-focused strategies are often related with methods of dealing with the problem in order to minimise stress. Active and avoidant coping methods are two major categories. The most common active coping techniques entail a deliberate effort to lessen stress and an awareness of the stressor. In contrast, those who use avoidant coping techniques avoid or minimise the issue at hand. 6

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Some coping tactics, while beneficial for a short period of time, are not long-term solutions. Misguided strategies for dealing with stress, which might have unexpected repercussions, are called "maladaptive coping." When it comes to dealing with stressful situations, adaptive coping techniques tend to be seen as the best options. Many adolescents and young adults are dependent on nicotine, with a range of 22–40 percent of smokers matching the definition of dependency. Only one in twenty pupils fulfill the criteria for a drug use problem, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. There is a high prevalence of marijuana usage among this group. Thirty percent of freshmen acknowledged consuming marijuana before enrolling in college. Marijuana use among full- time college students is also on the rise, with 23.5 percent of male students and 16.1 percent of female students using it regularly in 2012. Cognitive performance, memory, and accomplishment motivation have been proven to be significantly affected by cannabis usage, all of which can lead to a higher chance of school dropout, lower vocational attainment, and workforce failure ( Levecque et al ., 2019) . Binge drinking and cannabis usage are common among college students. Marijuana usage among college students who drink heavily is nearly 10 times more than among those who drink moderately. According to the National College Health Risk Behavior Survey, students who binge drink are nine times more likely than their non-binge drinking peers to report lifetime marijuana use. Due to the documented link between alcohol and drug abuse, binge drinkers have a higher probability of taking illegal drugs, even when adjusting for drinking levels. Rational Determine the age of beginning of present psychopathology while screening college students. Specific to mental health disorders, those that begin at a young age are more likely than those that begin later to experience lower outcomes and may manifest differently. Anxiety disorders with early onset are more severe and persistent, for example than those with adult-onset, according to various research investigations ( Liu et al ., 2020) . Childhood anxiety may raise the risk of developing various mental conditions in the future. More symptoms, greater frequencies of comorbid tic disorders, and more frequent tic-like compulsions are all linked to the start of obsessive-compulsive disorder at an early age. Many as many studies have proven the relationship between childhood mood disorders and a longer episode length and greater suicidality and the need for hospitalization in adulthood, as well as increased risk for other co-occurring mental health issues ( Ma et al ., 2020) . When bipolar disorder develops much earlier in life, it increases the chance for co-occurring mental and drug abuse problems, 7

reduced lithium response, more heterogeneous presentations, and an elevated illness burden. According to research, early schizophrenia may be associated with a more chronic form of the condition, with studies indicating a worse level of psychosocial functioning and a worse long-term result. Finally, among college students, those who began drinking at a younger age are more likely to engage in heavy drinking and have more alcohol-related issues. Method Design The researcher has chosen the online survey method of university students for this topic. As one of the most common methods for collecting data, online surveys, also known as internet surveys, is an excellent way to get information from a large group. Online surveys may be accessed through a variety of channels, including email, social media, and embedded on a website ( Zou et al ., 2020) . Online surveys are used by organizations to get information and comments regarding new goods and services, marketing tactics, and other aspects of their present offerings. An increasing number of firms are turning to data collected and evaluated through online surveys to make significant changes to the way they do business. Organizations must use an effective and efficient online survey platform to efficiently gather data. Participants The research will be conducted among university of Bolton students who will be recruited via Moodle messaging. Participants in this study are entirely voluntary. In scientific research, research ethics refers to a set of principles that influence the design and conduct of scientific investigations. When scientists and researchers acquire data from individuals, they must adhere to a set of ethical norms that must be observed. The protection of human rights and dignity, as well as collaboration between researchers and the rest of society, are all vital benefits of ethical research methods ( Tembo et al ., 2017) . By following these guidelines, participants in studies may be certain that their involvement is uncompelled, informed, and safe. Nearly 200 University of Bolton students will help in this project. Procedure The researcher will choose a primary data collection technique to conduct this research. There are several reasons why online survey adoption has been increasing each year, including low prices and convenience owing to the sheer size of the reach of an online survey ( Zhai and Du, 2020) . When conducting surveys, researchers are increasingly using online 8

survey technologies, which allow them to deliver the questionnaires to their target population from the comfort of their computers or laptops. Timetable Activities 1 st to 3 rd week 4 th to 6 th week 7 th to 9 th week 10 th to 12 th week 13 th to 15 th week 16 th to 18 th week 19 th to 21 st week 22 nd to 24 th week Choosing the research topic Background of the project Determining the aims, objectives and Questions of the research Literature review Determining the methodology Analyzing the surveys Scheduling the Time Plan Findings for the research Analyzing the collected Data Concluding the overall research Self Reflection Submitting the project Table 1: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Implication  It indicates that symptoms on the psychotic spectrum aren't uncommon in university students; yet, there is a dearth of research on the topic. Schizophrenia is thought to begin in early adolescence and last until early adulthood, according to research.  The term "autism spectrum disorders" refers to a range of abnormalities affecting the brain's development that include social interaction, communication, and behavior.  The upshot is that many young individuals with autism spectrum disorders are now able to pursue higher education, even though ASDs are usually seen as severely debilitating.  As a result, young adults at college may suffer the early stages of a psychotic disorder's prodromal or early expression. 9

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References Castaldelli-Maia, J.M., Lewis, T., Marques dos Santos, N., Picon, F., Kadhum, M., Farrell, S.M., Molodynski, A. and Ventriglio, A., 2019. Stressors, psychological distress, and mental health problems amongst Brazilian medical students. International Review of Psychiatry , 31 (7-8), pp.603-607. Gitay, M.N., Fatima, S., Arshad, S., Arshad, B., Ehtesham, A., Baig, M.A., Ilyas, M.F., Rizvi, S.F., Farooqui, Q., Masroor, M. and Haque, Z., 2019. Gender differences and prevalence of mental health problems in students of healthcare units. Community mental health journal , 55 (5), pp.849-853. Grant, J.E., Lust, K., Fridberg, D.J., King, A.C. and Chamberlain, S.R., 2019. E-cigarette use (vaping) is associated with illicit drug use, mental health problems, and impulsivity in university students. Annals of clinical psychiatry: official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists , 31 (1), p.27. Grasdalsmoen, M., Eriksen, H.R., Lønning, K.J. and Sivertsen, B., 2020. Physical exercise, mental health problems, and suicide attempts in university students. BMC psychiatry , 20 (1), pp.1-11. Huang, J., Nigatu, Y.T., Smail-Crevier, R., Zhang, X. and Wang, J., 2018. Interventions for common mental health problems among university and college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of psychiatric research , 107 , pp.1- 10. Levecque, K., Anseel, F., De Beuckelaer, A., Van der Heyden, J. and Gisle, L., 2017. Work organization and mental health problems in Ph.D. students. Research Policy , 46 (4), pp.868- 879. Liu, J., Zhu, Q., Fan, W., Makamure, J., Zheng, C., and Wang, J., 2020. Online mental health survey in a medical college in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in psychiatry , 11 , p.459. Ma, Z., Zhao, J., Li, Y., Chen, D., Wang, T., Zhang, Z., Chen, Z., Yu, Q., Jiang, J., Fan, F. and Liu, X., 2020. Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences , 29 . 11

Meda, N., Pardini, S., Slongo, I., Bodini, L., Zordan, M.A., Rigobello, P., Visioli, F. and Novara, C., 2021. Students’ mental health problems before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of psychiatric research , 134 , pp.69-77. Pacheco, J.P., Giacomin, H.T., Tam, W.W., Ribeiro, T.B., Arab, C., Bezerra, I.M. and Pinasco, G.C., 2017. Mental health problems among medical students in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry , 39 , pp.369-378. Salle, T.L., George, H.P., McCoach, D.B., Polk, T. and Evanovich, L.L., 2018. An examination of school climate, victimization, and mental health problems among middle school students self-identifying with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral disorders , 43 (3), pp.383-392. Tang, W., Hu, T., Yang, L. and Xu, J., 2020. The role of alexithymia in the mental health problems of home-quarantined university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Personality and individual differences , 165 , p.110131. Tembo, C., Burns, S. and Kalembo, F., 2017. The association between levels of alcohol consumption and mental health problems and academic performance among young university students. PLoS One , 12 (6), p.e0178142. Zhai, Y. and Du, X., 2020. Mental health care for international Chinese students affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet. Psychiatry , 7 (4), p.e22. Zou, P., Wang, X., Sun, L., Liu, K., Hou, G., Yang, W., Liu, C., Yang, H., Zhou, N., Zhang, G., and Ling, X., 2020. Poorer sleep quality correlated with mental health problems in college students: a longitudinal observational study among 686 males. Journal of Psychosomatic Research , 136 , p.110177. 12

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