PhysioEx Exercise 7.1

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10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 1/7 PhysioEx Lab Report Exercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics Activity 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities Name: Kinsey Clark Date: 9 October 2023 Session ID: session-64f79db5-ddae-b563-df7a-a6eb4efc9cf8 Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly. Experiment Results Predict Question Which of the following statements describing the mechanics of breathing is false ? You correctly answered: Ventilation relies exclusively on contracting skeletal muscles. 1 The contraction of which of the following muscles will increase the thoracic cavity volume during inspiration? You correctly answered: the external intercostals. 2 At the beginning of inspiration, the You correctly answered: thoracic cavity volume increases. 3 At the beginning of expiration, the You correctly answered: pressure in the thoracic cavity increases. 4 A tidal volume refers to the You correctly answered: amount of air inspired and then expired with each breath under resting conditions. 5 Predict Question: Lung diseases are often classified as obstructive or restrictive. An obstructive disease affects airflow , and a restrictive disease usually reduces volumes and capacities . Although they are not diagnostic, pulmonary function tests such as forced expiratory volume (FEV ) can help a clinician determine the difference between obstructive and restrictive diseases. Specifically, an FEV is the forced volume expired in 1 second. 1 1 1
10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 2/7 Stop & Think Questions Experiment Data Radius (mm) Flow (ml/min) TV (ml) ERV (ml) IRV (ml) RV (ml) VC (ml) FEV (ml) TLC (ml) BPM 5.00 7485 499 ---- --- --- --- --- --- 15 5.00 7500 500 1200 3091 1200 4791 3541 5991 15 4.50 4920 328 787 2028 1613 3143 2303 4756 15 4.00 3075 205 492 1266 1908 1962 1422 3871 15 3.50 1800 120 288 742 2112 1150 822 3262 15 3.00 975 65 156 401 2244 621 436 2865 15 In obstructive diseases such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, airway radius is decreased. Thus, FEV will Your answer: decrease proportionately. 1 Which muscles contract during quiet expiration? You correctly answered: none of these muscles contract during quiet expiration. 1 Minute ventilation is the amount of air that flows into and then out of the lungs in a minute. Minute ventilation (ml/min) = TV (ml/breath) x BPM (breaths/min). Using the values from the second recorded measurement, enter the minute ventilation. You answered: 7500 ml/min. 2 A useful way to express FEV is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV and FVC values from the data grid, calculate the FEV (%) by dividing the FEV volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to the FVC) and multiply by 100%. Enter the FEV (%) for an airway radius of 5.00 mm. You answered: 73.9 %. 3 1 1 1 1 1 A useful way to express FEV is as a percentage of the forced vital capacity (FVC). Using the FEV and FVC values from the data grid, calculate the FEV (%) by dividing the FEV volume by the FVC volume (in this case, the VC is equal to the FVC) and multiply by 100%. Enter the FEV (%) for an airway radius of 3.00 mm. You answered: 70.21 %. 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 3/7 Baseline Airway radius = 5.00 mm Airway radius = 4.50 mm
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10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 4/7 Airway radius = 4.00 mm Airway radius = 3.50 mm
10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 5/7 Airway radius = 3.00 mm Post-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly. Review Sheet Results To calculate a person's vital capacity, you need to know the TV, ERV, and You correctly answered: IRV. 1 Measuring a person's FVC means that you are measuring You correctly answered: the amount of air that can be expelled when the subject takes the deepest possible inspiration and then forcefully expires as completely and rapidly as possible. 2 Measuring a person's FEV means that you are measuring You correctly answered: the amount of the VC that is expired during the first second of the FVC test. 3 1 For a person suffering an asthma attack, inhaler medications are expected to You correctly answered: reduce the airway resistance. 4 Which of the following values does not include the ERV? You correctly answered: TV. 5 What would be an example of an everyday respiratory event the ERV simulates? 1
10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 6/7 Your answer: ERV is the additional volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal, quiet exhalation, representing the maximum amount of air you can exhale after a normal breath. An everyday respiratory event that the ERV simulates would be sighing. When you take a deep sign, you are briefly using more of your lung capacity, including the ERV, to exhale more air during a regular breath. This often occurs as a natural response to stress, frustration, or exhaustion. What additional skeletal muscles are utilized in an ERV activity? Your answer: Additional skeletal muscles utilized in an ERV activity include your internal intercostal muscles (during forceful exhalation, these muscles contract to depress the ribs and reduce the space within the thoracic cavity, aiding in expelling air from the lungs more forcefully), abdominal muscles including the rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques (contraction of abdominal muscles increases the abdominal pressure, pushing the diaphragm upward, and helping expel air from the lungs), Transversus Abdominis (acts as a stabilizer during forced exhalation), and the Quadratus Lumborum muscle (acts as a stablizer for the lower ribcage). 2 What was the FEV (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm? Your answer: FEV1 (%) at the initial radius of 5.00 mm = 73.9%. 3 1 What happened to the FEV (%) as the radius of the airways decreased? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: The FEV1 (%) decreased proportionately as the radius of the airways decreased, as I predicted before conducting the lab experiment. In obstructive diseases like chronic bronchitis and asthma, the airway radius is decreased due to inflammation and constriction of the airways. This reduction in airway radius leads to increased resistance to airflow, which results in a decreased Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1). 4 1 Explain why the results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive, rather than a restrictive, pulmonary problem. Your answer: 5
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10/9/23, 1:53 PM PhysioEx Exercise 7 Activity 1 https://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_ap/physioex/10/ex7/act1/ 7/7 The results from the experiment suggest that there is an obstructive pulmonary problem because people with obstructive lung disorders have a lower FEV1 ratio while people with restrictive lung disorders have a normal FEV1 ratio. As per the results, the person with a 5.00 mm radius had a FEV1 (%) of 73.9 %, and the person with a 3.00 mm radius had a FEV1 (%) of 70.21%, and the normal FEV1 (%) is between 75% - 85% of the vital capacity.

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