Lab 6 Report
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COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
Experiment Number:
6
Title:
Stress and Strain
Performed by:
Partners:
N/A
Engineering Course:
Engineering 102
Lab Section No:
901
Lab Day/Hour:
Tuesday 1:00 – 3:00 PM
Lab Instructor:
Dr.W.A.Gontar
Date Performed:
11/04/2021
Date Due:
11/09/2021
Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is to collect stress and strain data for a geomembrane, graph the
data in a spreadsheet, and identify the existence of hysteresis.
Procedures
After the Power Supply was set to 10 volts DC, mass measurement using a load cell was able to
begin with pre-set equipment. First, only pan was weighed, and the voltage for it was recorded.
Next, place weights from 50g to 500g in turn on the pan with an increment of 50g, and 10
voltage values corresponding to the weights were carefully recorded. To plot a graph of force and
voltage, unit conversion from grams to newton was required. From the graph, a function
y =
mx + b was collected where m is the slope and b is the intercept.
The stress and strain experiment with a flexible substance called geomembrane would be
performed in following steps with pre-set equipment. The Power Supply was set to 10 volts DC.
The slope, intercept, and cross-sectional area of membrane values were entered into the
“Calibration Data” section of the “Stress & Strain.vi” program on the computer. “Data points”
was changed to 1, and then run the VI. After the “Read Data” button was pressed and released,
the “Force” displayed 0 newtons. After that, stop the VI, copy the value from “Strain Gauge
Volts” to “Initial Volts”, and leave the “Lead Resistance” value at 0 ohms. Next, “Data Points”
was changed to 10, and the next steps need two people do it at the same time. Run the VI, then
the first person pressed and held the “Read Data” button until the “Force” displayed 0 newtons
and “Microstrain” displayed small, random values. The second person rotated the knob to stretch
the vise until the “Stress” and “Microstrain” displayed positive values and the “Force” showed
around 20 newtons. When the desired data was showed, the first person released the “Read Data”
button and then pressed the “Accept Data” button. Two people continued to repeat these steps 10
times increasing the force gradually between 0 and 120 newtons to get a line on the screen.
“Data points” was changed to 20, and the value of “Strain Gauge Volts” was copied to the box
“Initial Volts”. Two people continued to repeat these steps above 10 more times decreasing the
force gradually between 120 and 0 newtons to get the remaining line. Save the file “lab6b2.xls”.
Data Sheets
►
Weights and obtained voltages
Weight in [g]
Weight in [N]
Voltage in [V]
Only pan
0
-0.000883
50 g
0.49 N
-0.000820
100 g
0.98 N
-0.000758
150 g
1.47 N
-0.000696
200 g
1.96 N
-0.000633
250 g
2.45 N
-0.000570
300 g
2.94 N
-0.000507
350 g
3.43 N
-0.000444
400 g
3.92 N
-0.000381
450 g
4.41 N
-0.000318
500 g
4.90 N
-0.000253
►
Stress and Strain data
Microstrain
Stress (Pa)
Young’s Modulus (MPa)
309.572
482896.7
1560
595.911
708220.1
1188.5
942.857
962432.4
1020.8
1148.186
1121333
976.6
1425.838
1399385
981.4
1665.089
1607798
965.6
1918.51
1847078
962.8
2148.543
2057731
957.7
2434.194
2321993
953.9
2657.053
2534695
953.9
2485.359
2279244
917.1
2284.571
2045037
895.2
2284.571
2045037
895.2
2058.816
1811330
879.8
1830.615
1597200
872.5
1580.305
1365566
864.1
1215.542
1019019
838.3
1021.152
881528.8
863.3
751.637
684022.9
910.0
472.336
478205
1012
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Graphs
►
Graph of Force and Voltage
-0.001000-0.000900-0.000800-0.000700-0.000600-0.000500-0.000400-0.000300-0.000200
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
f(x) = 7789.58 x + 6.89
Force and Voltage graph
Voltage in [V]
Force in [N]
►
Graph of Stress and Strain
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
Stress versus Strain
Strain
Stress
Calculations
1. Convert grams to newton
*1 N = 1 kg.m/s
2
(50 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 0.49 [N]
(100 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 0.98 [N]
(150 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 1.47 [N]
(200 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 1.96 [N]
(250 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 2.45 [N]
(300 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 2.94 [N]
(350 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 3.43 [N]
(400 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 3.92 [N]
(450 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 4.41 [N]
(500 g x
1
kg
1000
g
) x 9.8 m/s
2
= 4.90 [N]
Answers to Questions
1. Using the data acquired from this lab find the force in newtons required to stretch your
geomembrane a distance of 2.00 mm.
Average value of Stress =
= 1462487.595 Pa = 1462487.595 N/m
2
Average value of Strain =
= 1561.53285
Young’s modulus =
/
= 1462487.595/1561.53285 = 936.57 Pa
F =
x A = 1462487.595 N/m
2
x 43.52 x 10
-6
m
2
= 63.65 N
2. The force constant k of a solid object is the ratio of the force applied to the distance x it
stretches: k = F/x. Use the result from question 1 above to calculate k for your geomembrane in
N/m.
x = 2.00 mm x
1
m
10
3
mm
= 2 x 10
-3
m
k = F/x =
63.65
2
x
10
−
3
= 31825 N
3. Use algebra to find a formula for the force constant k of the geomembrane in terms of Young’s
modulus E, the length L and cross-sectional area A of the geomembrane. (Hint: Set x = ΔL.)
x = ΔL
F
k
=
FL
EA
1
k
=
L
EA
k =
EA
L
4. The workstation was cleaned and all the parts for the lab were returned to the workstation
drawer.
True
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Analysis and Discussion
The accepted value of Young’s modulus for the geomembrane is between 600 to
1500
MPa, so the obtained values of Young’s modulus for the geomembrane in this experiment are
correct.
From the graph of Stress versus Strain, I conclude that there is hysteresis in the apparatus
because the data points corresponding to decreasing force and increasing force are displaced.
Moreover, the geomembrane strain is proportional to stress.
The purpose of these experiment was achieved.
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The mass of the object is_
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i
Parts on a tripie peam palance
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0
10 20 30
1
100
2 3
40
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+/-
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7
400
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