Lecture-19-2023

Thermodynamics

thermodynamics  Describe the operation of thermodynamics systems and their properties and explain the application of the first law of thermodynamics to appropriate systems given in the figure 1.2. At the end explain the relationships between system constants R, Cv, and Cp for a perfect gas where a perfect gas has a molar mass of 26kg/k mole and value of gamma is 1.26.

On a molecular level, heat can be thought of as representing changes in the positions of the energy levels of a system. True False

Thermodynamics

Consider the heating curve provided for 1.00 mole of a substance that begins as a solid at -14.8 °C and ends as a gas at 121.1 °C. Specific heat capacities: solid = 145.6 J/mol･°C, liquid = 97.25 J/mol･°C, gas = 68.49 J/mol･°C

Derive the seven general property equation of the following thermodynamics processes: a. POLYTROPIC PROCESS

Please make a detailed explanation of the step-by-step process. If it's possible to have a diagram, it will be much appreciated. Thank you!

number 1 A food product containing 75% moisture content is being frozen. Estimate the specific heat of the product at -10° C when 85% of the water is frozen. The specific heat of the dry product is 2 kJ / (kg ° C). It is assumed that the specific heat of water at -10 ° C is the same as the specific heat of water at 0 ° C, and that the specific heat of ice follows the function Cp es = 0.0062 T Frozen + 2.0649. Cp of frozen product = kJ / kg ° C.

3. A metallic rod 20 cm long is heated to a uniform temperature of 100° C. At t = 0 the ends of the bar are plunged into an ice bath at 0° C and thereafter maintained at this temperature. Find an expression for the temperature u(x, t) if the bar is made of cast iron. Material a (cm²/s) Silver 1.71 Copper 1.14 Aluminum 0.86 Cast iron 0.12 Granite 0.011 Brick 0.0038 Water 0.00144 Table 1: Thermal Diffusivity Constants for Common Materials

1. In general, the internal energy U depends on both temperature and volume, U=U(TV). The volume dependence comes from the potential energy due to the interactions among the particles. For free particles, there are no interactions, thus, the internal energy U should be independent of the volume, i.e., = 0. Verify this result for ideal gas pV = RT. au av

5. thermodynamics

Find J for the normal compression of 2 mol of ideal gas in the piston at a temperature of 311 K, from 1 bar to 10 bar. Gas constant R=8.314 J/(mol K).

A cryogenic substance is found to have a specific heat capacity (at constant volume) c_v that varies with temperature according to c_v = AT^2, where A is an empirically derived constant with units J/(K^3 kg). If 220 J of energy must be transferred thermally (at constant volume) to an 8,750 mg sample of this substance to raise the temperature of the sample from 1.0 K to 6.6 K, what is the value of A? Your Answer: Answer units

Why do dna replication and rna transcription are always non equilibrium steady state?

(Thermodynamics)(True or False) A steady-flow system can involve boundary work.

The 1st law of thermodynamics is ΔU = Q –W. Use this statement of the 1st law to show (mathematically) its equivalent statement: “Total energy of the universe is constant”. Here, the universe can be defined as: system + surroundings (everything but the system –everything outside the system). (Hint: this can be shown by two ways-you may either treat system and surroundings as two systems next to each other, or you may treat system + surroundings (universe) as one system.)