Lab 1 Report
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CE 3410
Section 1
Mechanics of Materials Laboratory Lab 1 Report
Brinell Hardness Test
Rockwell Hardness Test
Submitted By:
Caroline Johnson
Carson Caruso
Date Performed: Date Submitted:
August 28, 2023 September 10, 2023
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Fall 2023
I.
Purpose
1
The purpose of this experiment is to test the hardness of different materials to compute the corresponding tensile strength. The process of hardness testing involves applying a local load
and observing the resistance to penetration. The materials tested were brass, aluminum, and steel.
The Rockwell hardness test and the Brinell hardness test are both performed to test the hardness of the materials. The difference between the Rockwell and Brinell hardness test depends on the specific material being tested, its surface tension, and the desired level of accuracy. After the tests were performed, the tensile strengths of the materials were compared.
II.
Description During this experiment, each group was given cubes made of brass, steel, and aluminum. The group would take the metal cube they were given and perform a hardness test through two types of testing. The two testing methods used in this laboratory were the Brinell Hardness Test and the Rockwell Hardness Test. Figure 1 and 2 shows the testing mechanisms used. The Brinell Hardness Test was conducted by placing a metal cube on a platform and raised till the penetrating screw was touching the metal cube. After the cube was loaded, each type of metal endured loads of 500 kg, 1000 kg, and 1500 kg for 12 seconds a piece. After indenting the metal 3 times for each specimen, the indention made on the metal was measured using a low power microscope. Using the applied load and the diameter of the indention, the Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) can be found in a table, per ASTM E 10. The second type of testing used for this laboratory was the Rockwell Hardness. During this testing, the cube was placed on a platform and raised to the indenter. Then the students were to adjust the indenter until the small hand was in the vertical position and the dial was at the set position. From there a 100 kilogram load was applied through a 1/16 inch steel ball by pulling down the lever. The Rockwell Hardness Test uses small loads which in turn yields a smaller indention. Instead of measuring the diameter, this test uses the major stress to measure the amount of hardness. The reading on the dial from the major stress gives the hardness number directly. This is done three times to each specimen.
.
2
Figure 1. Brinell Hardness Test
Figure 2. Rockwell Hardness Test
III.
Theory
Brinell Hardness Test:
The equation below is used to find the Brinell Hardness Number (BHN). Once the BHN is found, the tensile strength can also be found. The equation for tensile strength is obtained from
the lab manual and was given during the lab. BHN=
P
πD
2
(
D
−
√
D
2
−
d
2
)
Equation I: Brinell Hardness Number (BHN)
P=applied load
D=indenter diameter d=diameter of the indentation.
Page T1-7 from the lab manual was used to find the tensile strength from the Brinell Hardness Number. The linear interpolation formula was used.
y
2
−
y
1
y
❑
−
y
1
=
x
2
−
x
1
x
❑
−
x
1
Equation II: Linear Interpolation
x=calculated Brinell Hardness number
y=tensile strength to be calculated.
3
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Rockwell Hardness Test:
The Rockwell Hardness Test does not require an equation to calculate the hardness number. Instead, the Rockwell Hardness testing machine displays the hardness number on a dial.
Since a 100 kg load and 1/16 inch indenter was utilized, Rockwell B Number was extracted from
the dial on the machine. The tensile strength from the Rockwell Hardness Test was found using the page T1-7 from the lab manual. The linear interpolation formula, Equation II, is also used in this test. Lastly, Microsoft Excel is again used with this test to find the average and standard deviation, using the same methods utilized in the BHN.
IV.
Results
The below results show the Rockwell Hardness Test findings on steel, aluminum, and brass specimens. The results displayed in Table 1 reflect the Rockwell Hardness Number obtained by Groups A, B, and C while running three tests on each tested material.
Rockwell Hardness Number
Steel
Aluminum
Brass
Group A
67.9
70.0
69.5
48.5
56.0
51.9
40.0
40.5
37.1
Group B
70.2
70.0
68.0
50.0
48.5
50.3
41.4
39.9
41.0
Group C
67.5
69.1
73.1
49.75
49.75
51.2
37.5
35.0
38.5
Table 1. Rockwell Hardness Test Results
Table 2 below displays the results for the Brinell Hardness Test for each group. Brinell hardness
results as averages for each material tested per group is also
displayed in Figure 4. Though the visual similarities of the scatter plots should be taken into
account, the scaling of the dependent variable should also be observed. A smaller
confidence interval tends to suggest a greater certainty for the total average of all samples.
Brinell Hardness Numbers
Load 500 kg
Load 1000 kg
Load 1500 kg
Material
Steel
Alumi-num
Brass
Steel
Aluminum
Brass
Steel
Alumi-num
Brass
Group A
136.1116
85.70615
69.10646
185.1103
94.95028
84.86734
155.5328
103.2625
91.40757
4
157.5472
79.57747
79.57747
153.5041
92.27379
87.23784
155.5328
100.7239
98.273
136.1116
85.70615
69.10646
191.0439
92.27379
87.23784
170.4651
103.2625
111.4487
Group B
22.31672
9.445411
10.22986
22.22873
12.35548
10.90535
26.23938
12.99129
12.30688
14.56776
9.826107
8.121019
16.24204
10.2716
10.5816
12.99129
11.67304
12.64244
13.89042
9.086051
8.425217
16.24204
10.5816
10.90535
17.39626
12.30688
11.67304
Group C
8.746462
13.89042
7.55912
19.65221
10.90535
8.428291
19.78185
12.64244
9.787353
8.425217
14.56776
7.299342
15.66536
12.35548
7.782028
21.1573
10.02893
10.53812
8.746462
14.56776
8.425217
16.85043
10.5816
7.782028
19.78185
11.08489
10.27905
Table 2. Brinell Hardness Test Results Figure 3 below displays a comparison of results between all three groups of the Rockwell
Hardness Test. Figure 3. Rockwell Hardness vs. Material
Brinell Hardness vs. Load Separated by Material
5
Figure 4. Brinell Hardness Scatter Plots with Confidence Ellipses
V.
Discussion
The Rockwell Hardness results in Table 1 shows that all of the groups had very similar results with steel. The Rockwell Hardness was 69.5, the copper had a Rockwell hardness of 39.0,
and the aluminum had a rockwell hardness of 50.5. In figure 3, The rockwell Hardness test shows that the material with the greatest strength was steel, then aluminum, then finally copper. The results from this test indicate precision and accuracy. The results from the Brinell hardness test indicate that there was an error in calculation for one of the groups A, B, or C. Presented in table 2 and figure 4, the data shows that Group A has significantly higher numerical values than Group B and C. Even with the difference in numerical data between the groups, the steel data from Group B, and the aluminum data from group C, there is a positive correlation between increasing harness and increasing load for the test in figure 4. Group A and B reveal that the load applied for steel shows much less of a correlation with hardness than the other materials, and the data of all groups show a large confidence interval for steel. 6
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The Rockwell Hardness Test showed all groups yielding similar results. This test also leaves less room for error because there is no calculation needed. The diameter also does not have to be measured. The errors that did occur during the Rockwell Hardness test are the zeroing
of the tester, measurement observation, and user error. Errors that occurred during the Brinell Hardness test include user error, calculation error, mechanical error, and measurement error. VI.
Conclusion
The results of the hardness tests indicate that steel exhibited the highest Rockwell
Hardness, followed by aluminum and then brass. The Rockwell Hardness Test showed to have consistent results due to them being fairly similar. The Rockwell Hardness Test displayed that steel was the hardest material, followed by aluminum, then brass. Although all groups had miniscule differences, Group B finished with the greatest values, followed by Group A then B. This test demonstrated advantages in terms of simplicity and reduced potential for measurement errors.
The Brinell Hardness Test results showed that Group A had significantly higher values compared to Groups B and C. This means there could have been a few errors in the laboratory procedure for Group A or B and C. Despite these differences, increasing loads and hardness results showed a correlation for all groups. It revealed a general trend of increasing hardness with
increasing load. The Brinell Test results also revealed a larger confidence interval for steel across
all groups. 7
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