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University of Manitoba *
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2080
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History
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Dec 6, 2023
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Unit Activities 1-5
Unit 1:
Activity 2
What role does terminology play in terms of understanding Indigenous peoples?
Provide examples.
Ans:
Terminology is very important. It can help me better understand and learn about
indigenous people. Like some words, I do not know which words are disrespectful
and derogatory before I learn these terms. For example: Indian, Native and so on.
It is pretty important to know the disrespectful thing before you learn a new culture.
What are the three legal categories of Aboriginal people, and how does this impact the
various groups of Indigenous peoples?
Ans:
First Nations, Inuit and Métis. I think it is important to have these groups defined.
They have different culture , language and life style.
Unit 2:
Activity 3
Identify and discuss the philosophy of burning in Indigenous agriculture.
Ans:
Humans and nonhumans both benefit from burning(Lake, 2001). This the balance of
Indigenous burns. Human ensure the grass land and savannas to increase the yield of
root crops. So did the plants. The fire make population density better.
What were the goals of Indigenous burning?
Ans:
Fires were intentionally ignited to fulfill a wide variety of purposes, from clearing
village sites to long-distance signaling(Lake, 2001). Fire also reduced the pest
population(Lake, 2001) which improved human’s life quality a lot.
Unit 3:
Activity 2
Mi'kmaq
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According to the Mi'kmaq, what are the three parts of the spark of life in living
things?
Ans:
A form that decays and disappears after death; a mntu or spark that travels after
death to the lands of the souls; and the guardian spark or spirits that aid people during
their earth walk(Dussault, 1996).
Were they migratory or settled peoples at the time of contact?
Ans:
The Mi'kmaq were neither settled nor migratory.
Haudenosaunee (Iroquis)
Approximately when did they make contact with Cartier?
Ans:
In 1535.
Describe how their society was documented, highlighting the features that make up
their way of being.
Ans:
They were belonged to clans identified with animal or bird totems. They were
matrilocal.
What role did the Confederacy play in their diplomacy?
Ans:
Confederacy served to suppress conflict inside its member nations and secure
their land from the intrusion of other nations(Dussault, 1996).
What is the Law of Great Peace?
Ans:
The Peacemaker and Hiawatha together drafted it. Main point is summarized as
Righteousness, Health and Power(Dussault, 1996).
Niitsitapi (Blackfoot)
What happens at the Annual Many Lodges Gathering?
Ans:
At gatherings, all the main warrior, religious, women's, children's and police
societies held their own special and unique ceremonies(Dussault, 1996).It was also
time for exchanging gifts of all kinds and transfer ceremonies of sacred bundles,
teepees, and society memberships(Dussault, 1996).
What role does the sacred pipe hold in Niitsitapi's spiritual beliefs?
Ans:
The pipe was a testimony to the truth and honour of all sacred pacts undertaken
in councils and among indigenous nations and, later, in the making of treaties with the
Crown(Dussault, 1996).
How was the buffalo the basis of their economy?
Ans:
The buffalo was considered the superior food by the plains peoples(Dussault,
1996). Because it provided for virtually all their needs.The buffalo supplied working
tools, drinking vessels, storage containers, shields, transportation equipment and
shelter — the average lodge or teepee required perhaps 15 buffalo hides(Dussault,
1996).
How were their leaders decided?
Ans:
Leaders were not elected to office, but gained recognition for their contributions
to the band and the nation and for personal qualities such as wisdom, honesty and
strength.Two essentials for leadership were an outstanding war record and a
reputation for generosity. Leaders had to be warriors of proven mettle with the ability
to protect the band and to carry out acts of revenge, or war, against the enemy.
Generosity was equally important(Dussault, 1996).
Describe how their Chiefs ruled.
Ans:
civil chief was responsible for order and discipline throughout the tribe, and had
under his command a company of couriers who travelled from one camp to another
delivering orders of the day, and collecting news(). War chief was responsible for the
training of his young men in the arts of war, and in leading his tribal forces against the
enemy(Dussault, 1996).
Pacific Northwest Coast
Name the distinct language families found in the northwest coast region.
Ans:
Tlingit, Tsimshian (including Nisg_a'a and Gitksan), Haida, Nuxalk (Bella
Coola), Kwakwa ka'wakw (formerly known as Kwakiutl), Nootka and
Salish(Dussault, 1996).
Kwakwa ka'wakw
What did/do the Kwakwa ka'wakw use cedar bark for in their culture?
Ans:
The smooth inner bark was beaten to make the fibres flexible for loom weaving
of material for capes, skirts and blankets. The same bark, separated into even strips,
was woven checkerboard style to make mats for serving food or lining sleeping
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quarters, for house insulation and partitions, and to protect canoes from the hot
summer sun(Dussault, 1996).
Describe a potlatch, including why they were convened, what happened at these
events, and who was present.
Ans:
If a chief died and a new chief assumed his name and rights over his territories,
the new title holder would convene a feast where the boundaries of the territories
would be recited. If the guests from other clans and neighbouring territories
considered that the claims being made were wrong, they had an obligation to say so.
Claims to territory, when validated through feasts, could not subsequently be
overturned, because the memory of witnesses was a record as reliable in an oral
culture as a deed in a registry office was in a literate culture(
Dussault, 1996
).
Why is oolican oil significant?
Ans:
It was valued as a preservative for other foods and as a condiment().
Oolichan
oil was a principal item traded between coastal peoples and others of the interior of
what is now British Columbia(Dussault, 1996).
Inuit
What do the Inuit call the people before them, and when did they arrive?
Ans:
Dorset by archaeologists and Tunit. 2500 BC.
List the animals the People of the Thule period harvested from the Tundra.
Ans:
Walrus, whale and seals.
Name the elements of technology used by the Inuit at the time of contact
Ans:
The snow house or igloo, clothing made of caribou, seal, and other animal skins,
and the kayak are elements of technology used widely by Inuit in the early years of
European contact. The making of snow houses and clothing are described in the
accompanying boxes(Dussault, 1996).
What are the nine distinct culture groups regions of the Inuit?
Ans:
Labrador, Arctic Quebec, Southern Baffin Island, Northern Baffin Island and
Foxe Basin, Southampton Island, Western Hudson Bay and the Barren Grounds,
Central Arctic Coast, Mackenzie Delta, and the High Arctic(Dussault, 1996).
Who had the earlier point of contact?
Ans:
European whalers and traders.
Unit 4:
Activity 2
Using Farrell Racette (2012) answer the following prompts;
1) Describe the roles of women in York Factory in the early 1800s
Ans:
Women were simultaneously viewed as integral to daily economic life, and as a
burden on company provisions(Racette, 2012). Women were hunting and processing
and storing buffalo in April.Preserving fruits in July and August(Racette, 2012).
2) Identify what women were being contracted to do for the Northwest and Hudson's
Bay Companies both in the Big Houses and out in the fields.
Ans:
Laundry women, hard manual labor,square clean, house clean, shoveling snow
in the winter, plant and harvest the potatoes, cook, clothes maker(Racette, 2012).
Unit 5:
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Reference:
Forsythe, L. (2020) Indigenous Studies Methodological, Theoretical, and Canonical
Foundations. UM Learn. University of Manitoba
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Volume 1 - Looking Forward Looking
Back PART ONE The Relationship in Historical Perspective. Stage one
(pp.47-87)
Kimmerer, R. W., & Lake, F. K. (2001). The role of indigenous burning in land
management. Journal of Forestry, 99(11), 36-41.
Farrell Racette, S. (2012).
Nimble Fingers and Strong Backs: First Nations and Métis
Women in Fur Trade and Rural Economies.
(p. 148–). University of Illinois
Press.