7-1 Final Project Submission Thesis-Driven Essay
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7-1 Final Project Submission: Thesis-Driven Essay
Tiffany White
HIS-118-X6919 World Civilizations from 1500
August 15, 2021
Globalization impacted the development of states from 1500 to the present as a result of
advances in technology and the need to expand trade routes, in order to grow the trade industry and the
overall development of civilizations. Before we can understand how globalization impacts development,
we must under what globalization is. Globalization refers to the process by which technological,
economic, political, and cultural exchanges make the world a more interconnected and interdependent
place. Now that we know what globalization we are can identify the two regions that are good examples
of the impacts it has on development. Those two regions are Europe and the Americas. More specifically
Portugal (southern Europe) and North America. “In the Early Modern age, Portugal was among the first
European countries to engage in overseas trade and colonial ventures.” (Tânia Manuel Casimiro, May
2020, page 1). Portugal did this to try to find better trade routes and expand their industry. North
America in the later years to the present has had a large impact on globalization. “The spread of
American corporations abroad has various consequences on local cultures, some very visible, and others
more subtle.” ( Culture and Globalization, March 2017, page 1). While these two regions had different
reasons in the beginning for the globalization the outcome ended up being the same.
Social and philosophical forces that are the biggest parts of the globalization of both north
America and Portugal would be the advances in technology and the rise of social media platforms. The
advances in technology in Portugal that led this globalization was the development of
telecommunications and transport also permitted for example the organizational and technological
restructure of the banking, stimulated employment in the service, but mainly in the tourism sector. The
growth in telecommunication is the accessibility of cellular phones, more specifical smart phones. Smart
phones have brought internet access to our fingertips at anytime and anyplace. As for the advancements
in technology in North America, they have made it easier to not only to communicate but also it has
brought about a rise in growth of the economy and the advancements in sciences. “Globalization and
technology share a causal relationship, each gaining from and building on the other. Digitization, the
“bones and sinews” of globalization, has taken our lives out of the temporal and into the imaginary and
unseen.” (K.Chareonwongsak, 2002, page 1). With the rise is social media it makes telecommunication
not only in Portugal and North America but around the globe, so much easier because we are all able to
connect better with each other. Social media platforms have broadened the way we all communicate
with each other. “The concept of Social Media is top of the agenda for many business executives today
as social media are online services that allow users to create their profile, connect with others and
navigate through these networks of contacts. The organizations use social media like Facebook, Twitter
and Instagram in order to inform their public about events, new products but their also ask them to
express their opinion about the organization, its events and products.” (Mylona Ifigene Amanatidis
Dimitrios, 2018, page 1). While it does have its advantages there is also many disadvantages. Social
media platforms use most if not all your personal information when creating your profiles, this can be a
great disadvantage because it will give hacks easier access to your information. Another disadvantage of
social media platforms is it makes it easier for people to find you even if you do not want them to.
However, the biggest disadvantage of it is has led to a significant rise in cyber bullying. As for
philosophical forces and their effect on globalization religions and other types of believe systems have
one thing in common, they all want to spread their “good news”. Because of the need to spread their
“good news” all the religions have not only spread throughout the globe it has also created new
organizations and groups. Both social and philosophical force play a great part in the impacts of
globalization on the world.
Economic forces were the original driving force for globalization. As was stated in the
introduction globalization refers to the process by which technological, economic, political, and cultural
exchanges make the world a more interconnected and interdependent place. Portugal was one of the
very first countries to spark globalization because of their economy. “The influx of new people and things
rapidly transformed it into a multicultural country in permanent contact with the rest of Europe and the
wider world.” (Tânia Manuel Casimiro, May 2020, page 1).
Portugal wanted to expand their trade routes
and find a more direct route to China. While expanding trade routes is mostly a good thing, in Portugal’s
case it did not work out. “Portuguese society is presently experiencing a profound crisis which is not
limited to public finances but is also the result of the very process of the construction of Europe and its
governance.” (Rui Gama, Ricardo Fernandes and Cristina Barros, 2018, page 1). With the growth of
different industries throughout the years it only makes sense for the economy to grow globally. To keep
an economy strong it must have both suppliers and consumers. This is where globalization comes into
play. “Increased global trade enables large companies to realize economies of scale. This reduces costs
and prices, which in turn supports further growth. However, this can hurt many small businesses trying
to compete at home.” (Justin Kuepper, May 2021, page 1). Portugal has many things they export, but the
biggest thing that they export is vehicles, while their least exported good is agriculture. North America
tends to be a stronger supplier, they are also a very large part of the consumers. The import and exports
are the starting points of trade routes. “Free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), which the governments of the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed in 1992,
removed barriers to the free flow of people, goods, and services, thereby facilitating greater trade,
investment, and migration across national borders.” (Khan Academy, 2018, page 1) North America has
had an up and down economy, but it is still one of the stronger economies in the world. The growth of an
economy is the biggest driving force in globalization.
Political Forces can also be a large driving force in globalization. “Over the last 30 years there has
been a rise in the influence and power of international and regional institutions” (netivist.org, August
2021, page 1). This is because people will flea one country because of their government to seek out
another. Therefore, the movement of the people leads to globalization because when people move from
country to country, they bring with them their own ideals and love for their favorite items. The love for
their favorite things is what makes them want to order items form their home countries. This grows the
economy. There are many pros to political forces there are also cons. Many of the pros are as follows:
Access to international aid and financial support, it contributes to world peace, it reduces risk of
invasions, more checks on big powers and limitation on nationalism, international organizations are
often committed to spread values like freedom and to fight abuses within countries, smaller countries
can work together and gain more influence internationally. (netivist.org, August 2021, page 1).
There are
just as many cons as there are pros. The cons are state sovereignty is reduced, the functioning of
international and supranational organizations is often not “democratic” in terms of representation and
accountability, big countries can shape decisions in supranational organizations, sometimes countries
can veto decisions and slow down decision-making processes coordination is difficult and expensive.
(netivist.org, August 2021, page 1). Governments can learn from each other When someone does not
agree with the politics of something they tend to move away from it. Another way political forces
contribute to globalization is some governments will try to push their politics upon other governments.
For example, the revolutionary war between Britain and what would later be known as North America
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was because the colonists of North America wanted to reject the rule of the British government and
form their own. This shows how not only the movement of the people from one place to another but
also their ideas of politics. “Under globalization, politics can take place above the state through political
integration schemes such as the European Union and through intergovernmental organizations such as
the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization.” (Global Policy
Forum, 2005, page 1). While political forces do add to globalization, they are not the most noticed.
With all the different forces of globalization it is bound to cause both good and bad things not only for
North America and Portugal but for other places in the world. “Although the phenomenon of
globalization is not new, political, economic, and technological developments in the 1990s accelerated
the processes of globalization and contributed to the emergence of a public debate about its advantages
and disadvantages.” (Khan Academy, 2018, page 1). Globalization can grow populations, governments,
economies, and the overall state. However, it can also take away these things. “Globalization is a
multidimensional phenomenon that encompasses not only economic components but also cultural,
ideological, political and similar other facets” (Prasad and Prasad, 2006). When it comes to the economy
of a state and the effects globalization has on that economy it can build them up or even tear them
down. There are many ways globalization can tear up a state/country. “Global terrorist networks have
used the conditions created by globalization to enhance their own influence and to promote a culture of
intolerance and hate.” (Khan Academy, 2018, page 1). While one state/country has a booming economy
the one directly next to it may be nonexistent. This can happen because the booming states/countries
will take people and resources from the other in order to grow their own. “Moreover, the increasing
interconnectedness of the world economy and international finance has heightened the risk of global
economic catastrophe. This is because banking or financial failures in one country will lead to crises in
other countries, and thus will become internationalized rather than remaining isolated.” (Khan Academy,
2018, page 1). Globalization can and always will be a doubled edge sword. No matter what force drive
globalization the fact is that it is both bad and good.
Looking at globalization through a historical lens we can see many different affects it can have on
a state/country. But before we can see the affects, we must understand some of the history of
globalization. While cross state/country trade has been around even before the history books record it,
but it wasn’t until 1492 that the global trade became known as globalization. It started with an idea of
find direct trade routes and grew into so much more. However, with globalization come many different
affects. One of the biggest affects of globalization is wars. A good example of this is the revolutionary
war. This war was fought between the north American colonies and Great Britain. “The Revolutionary
War (1775-83), also known as the American Revolution, arose from growing tensions between residents
of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government, which represented the
British crown.” (HISTORY.COM EDITORS, October 2009, page 1). This war eventually gave north America
their freedom and made them another loop in the road to globalization. Another affect is a rise in
Terrorism and their attacks. A good example of this is the attack on the world trade centers in 2001. “The
al-Qaeda members who perpetrated the attack on September 11th used mobile phone technology and
the internet to coordinate their plans. They were also easily able to move from one country to another
because of lowered barriers to international travel and mobility.” (Khan Academy, 2018, page 1). After
this attack another war broke out known as the Iraqi war. This war has been fought not only to find the
people responsible for the September 11
th
attack but also to help free the Iraqi people and create a new
democracy. The spread of democracy is also an effect of globalization.” Perhaps the most tangible
evidence of globalization’s impact on democratization has been the infusion of democratic norms, and
the principles of human rights that support them, into many international and regional institutions.”
(Catharin E. Dalpino, 2001, page 1).
Democracy also uses other forces like the rise in technology.
“Technology too has fed the nationalist backlash against globalization. Democracy promoters have long
heralded the “CNN effect,” in which television brings world events into the living rooms of people whose
leaders would prefer to block such coverage.” (Catharin E. Dalpino, 2001, page 1). Democracy and it’s
spread with globalization is something that plays a bigger more silent part of globalization. “Globalization
is not a political panacea. At best a long-term ally in promoting democracy, it provides no automatic
solutions.” (Catharin E. Dalpino, 2001, page 1). Knowing how globalization has grown and changed
through out the years gives us a great look at it through the lens of history.
In conclusion Globalization impacts the development of states through many ways. From the
good impacts of economic growth to the bad impacts of loss of population globalization is something
that will always be around. “Globalization is seen not just as an economic process, but as a process of the
world becoming increasingly interconnected--and also as one in which values are becoming more
oriented to a global context, and international institutions are playing a more central role.” (americans-
world.org, 2002, page 1).
Portugal was the one of the for runners in the beginning of globalization and
North America was a backseat driver now it is the other way around. Impacts on the world of
globalization can be seen all over the place and it is something that motivates movement and growth
throughout the world.
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