Chapter 15-Qs and Terms Reconstructing a Nation (3) (1)

Chapter 15-Reconstructing a Nation, 1865-1876 Who? What? (Emphasize the historical importance of each) Radical Republicans ● Lincoln and the Radical Republicans both wanted leadership of Congress to control the process of bringing the Confederate states back to the Union ● both sides agreed the states had to abolish slavery before returning ● Andrew Johnson was a Democratic senator from TN, loyal to the Union, and was chosen as Lincoln's running mate ● he assumed the Presidency after Lincons assisnation Lincoln’s Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction ● he promised a full pardon and restoration of rights to Confederates that would take a loyalty oath and abolish slavery ● Ten Percent Plan- 10% of the 1860 voting population in a state took oath to US, citizens could write a new constitution, and organize new government, did not guarantee freedmen the right to vote Thaddeus Stevens and Charles B. Sumner ● Rep. Thaddeus Stevens & Sen. Charles Sumner wanted to punish South, guarantee political and civil rights for AA ● abolonitions made up a huge part of the Republican Party so freedom for blacks was a central political concern ● radical republicans had a harsher attitude on reconstructing the South than Lincoln Wade-Davis bill ● this bill raised the minimum from Lincoln's 10% to 50%, guaranteed civil rights for freed slaves, and required the oath that one had always supported US, Lincoln killed bill with pocket veto Thirteenth Amendment ● outlawed all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude, proposed before Lincoln's death, but ratified i December 1865 ● Johnson offered a plan to pardon most Confederate leaders if they took a loyalty oath and accepted emancipation ● he believed in state's rights and rejected radicals ideas of a strong federal government ● his plans also left freed slaves no choice but to agree to labor contracts with white landlords Black Codes 1865-66 ● denied AA basic rights and legal protections, especially the right to vote or hold office ● they were intended to ensure that former Confederate states would keep control over freedmen ● most republicans in congress and the North were radicalized and came to agree with Stevens and Sumner bc the passage of Black Codes and rising violence against former slaves Joint Committee on Reconstruction ● congress set up the Joint Committee on Reconstruction to take control of the process from the president Civil Rights Act of 1866 & Freedmen’s Bureau ● granted all people born in the US american citizenship, increased federal power by authorizing federal prosecution and trial for violation of rights, enacted after refusing to seat elected southern representatives and extended the life of Freedmen's Bureau over Pres. Johnson's veto ● his veto of the bill included a message that he doubted whether blacks were qualified for citizenship ● the override of Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Act and the extension of the Freedmen's Bureau over the veto were the first symbols of the Reconstruction from the executive to the legislative branch ● Freedmen's Bureau was created by Congress in 1865 to assist in redistribution of land abandoned or confiscated to former slaves and provide them economic assistance ● General Oliver O. Howard was appointed the head of the Bureau General Sherman’s Special Field Order No. 15 and “Forty Acres and a mule” ● freedmen's rallying cry

Fourteenth Amendment ● Congress proposed this to define and grant American citizenship, ● the Dred Scott case declared people born in the US except Native Americans to be citizens Andrew Johnson and his “Swing around the Circle” ● Johnson objected this and argued this as a campaign against radicals who argued the 14th amendment limited attacks on the liberties of individuals by the states Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 ● the first Reconstruction Act of March 1867 punished Southerners by declaring former Confederate states to be territories and divided them into five military districts ● most radicals thought the only way to avoid lengthy military occupation of the south is to allow AA to vote ● the Second Reconstruction act put the army in charge of registering voters to ensure AA wouldn't be denied, registered more black voters than white Fifteenth Amendment & Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton ● prohibited states from using race as a qualification for voting but faced opposition from Stanton and Susan B. Anthony who questioned why elite educated women would be subjected to the rule of some base and illiterate males and freedom Command of the Army Act of 1867 & Tenure of Office Act ● congress tried to limit powers of the president by passing these which prohibited the president from removing any official approved by senate until there was a successor; couldn't fire cabinet member without consent of Senate Edwin B. Stanton ● Johnson challenged this by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton who refused to move out of office Impeachment ● as a result the HoR voted to impeach Johnson based on a dozen articles, he was saved from removal from Presidency by one vote at his Senate trial ● Ulysses Grant ran for president in 1868 signifying retreat of ZRepublican party from Radicalism Ku Klux Klan ● the election marked extreme violence and terrosim on both sides but especially KKK in the South ● formed in order to restore white supremacy but violence inspired Republicans to retain control of the National Government ● federal government broke power of the KKK with over a thousand prosecutions ● riots in New Orleans and Memphis aimed at terrorizing and murder black Civil Rights Act of 1875 ● the last congressional Reconstruction measure that prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation, and public facilities except schools, churches and cemeteries Sharecropping ● there was a shortage of agricultural workers so sharecropping replaced the use of slave labor on farms and plantations, adopted bc South was short of capital and landowners found it easier to pay workers by providing land, seed, tools, and animals, while sharecroppers provided labor, worked on land as a family unit ● helped perpetuate the dependency of the South on agriculture, specifically cotton ● black voters constitutes 80% of the Republican vote in the South, white politicians dominated leadership and elected to most statewide offices and positions of leadership ● most elected black officeholders were free men before the war with some education Carpetbaggers and Scalawags ● carpetbaggers were a source of support for the Republican party, well educated middle class northerners, served in military ● the occupied key political leadership in government and party and introduced social reforms and capitalized on economic opportunities ● scalawags were also white Republican support, Native Southerners, small merchants, craftsmen, professionals, and small farmers, many of whom had opposed secession Enforcement Acts ● aimed to combat the rise of the KKK and white supremacist, mate it illegal to interfere with someone's right to vote based on race and empowered federal government to prosecute those who violated

a path toward equality 6. What major groups made up the Republican Party in the South during Reconstruction? Compare their reasons for being Republicans, their relative size, and their objectives. During Reconstruction in the South, the Republican Party had three main groups: carpetbaggers, who were Northerners moving to the South for various reasons; scalawags, Southern whites supporting the party; and African Americans, newly freed individuals seeking civil rights. Carpetbaggers came for economic opportunities, while scalawags set goals of modernization. African Americans were also a major part of the party aligned with Republicans to secure their rights. Despite differing motivations, these groups collaborated within the Republican Party during this era. 7. What major factors brought about the end of Reconstruction? The Reconstruction saw violence and resistance in the South from people like the Ku Klux Klan which undermined efforts of reformation. There was also significant economic and political corruption as well as corruption of political leaders. The Compromise of 1977 disputed the presidential election and withdrew federal troops from the South which signaled its end. Weakened Northern resolve, racial prejudice, and the desire for sectional reconciliation also had effects on the nation's shifting priorities. 8. Assess the validity of the claim, “Although the South lost the Civil War, it managed to win the peace.” To say that they won peace wouldn't be accurate but to say they won in the sense of undermining the initial goals of Reconstruction would be. The Compromise of 1877 allowed Southern states to regain control over their governments causing implementation of discriminatory laws like the Black Codes and Jim Crow laws. The withdrawal of federal troops enabled white supremacists and raised racial inequalities for freed African Americans. Through political tactics and discriminatory laws they managed to knock down efforts of Reconstruction creating more disruption for black people than peace.