Chapter Eleven-Reform and Conflict, 1820-1840 (1)

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Chapter Eleven-Reform and Conflict, 1820-1840 Nat Turner- he saw an eclipse on Feb 11 and saw it as a sign so on Aug 13 when there was another eclipse he started his rebellion a week later - Traveled house to house freeing slaves and killing whites and he was hung, free slaves lost rights and were beaten Perfectionism - People believed society should be molded on religion, specifically Protestant Christianity Separatist communities & Millennialism (all sought spiritual salvation and growth): The United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing (Shakers) - Mother Ann Lee was seen as Gods female counterpart promoting celibacy - women were drawn to Shakerism since they advocated equality of men and women George Rapp and Harmony - He and his followers rejected ownership of private property and practiced celibacy - First established in PA but moved to Harmony in Indiana - Rapp thought the Second Coming of Christ was imminent and that his followers should gather great material wealth for His return Robert Owen- British social reformer and industrialist who tried to improve working conditions and promote workers rights (living conditions, wages, education) during early days of the revolution Joseph Smith and the Church of the Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints - Smith founded this church after he was visited by the angel Moroni - He advocated plural marriage offending his neighbors - He was jailed and murdered in 1844, so his successor Bringham Young led the church followers to Great Salt Lake area in UT, removing Indians, and establishing a colony Polygamy- Mormons believe a man can marry multiple women,

- had to do away with polygamy in an agreement with Congress to establish statehood —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------- Ezra Stiles Ely- established Society for Supporting the Gospel to work with poor in urban shelter Charles Grandison Finney- preached personal responsibility and power of individuals to change society and one of the most influential Protestantism advocates Reverend Lyman Beecher- New Englander Calvinist and anti-catholic predicted Christs final battle against Antichrist would be fought in the American West Alexis de Tocqueville- French political thinker and history who explored strengths and weaknesses of American democracy and emphasized the importance of individualism, equality, and civic participation American Bible Society -formed to distribute Bibles in cities and frontier settlements Female Moral Reform Society- created to try and reclaim women from prostitution Benevolent Empire- smaller humane societies that believed people as Gods agents should care for others, women were the backbone of this empire - Attempted to perfect society by personal contact, testimony, and preaching Ralph Waldo Emerson (leading spokesman) & Transcendentalists - His followers believed in the power of the mind to achieve spiritual wholeness - Called for independence from European literary mold and the development of just American literature - Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow advocated these ideas George Bancroft- argued American uniqueness in visual arts and working class reflected cultural change by drinking cheap whisky or gin while attending shows or athletic events - Skilled artisans were classified as the working class and had to rely on wages for livelihoods

- -master craftsmen starting dividing production process into smaller tasks and hired workers who were paid based on pieces produces requiring less skill and knowledge and decreasing wages - Neighourhoods were stratified by class; Five points in NYC consisted of craftsman and small shop owners characterized by poverty and crime American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions- first American Christian missionary organization National Trades’ Union- the most successful association of workers (1830) - Most early efforts to organize workers into unions included anyone who wanted to join - Called for higher wages, shorter work days, went on strike, lobbied for reform, education, free land, and 10 hour workdays Middle Class (working class) - Urban but received income from fees, commissions and salaries versus wages, and employed jobs requiring mental labor instead of physical - Typified by self made men, regarded women as gentle and suited for home American Nativist movement - There was a growing concern about threats to lives and families and perceived poor (specifically Irish Catholics) as threats and directed hostility as an American nationalist movement - Their catholic faith made them stand out and willingness to take low paying unskilled jobs - Most of internal immigration was made of young men and women who left their country homes and traveled short distances for jobs in cities - Middle class in eastern areas were concerned on citizens heading west in search of opportunities leaving the less fortunate behind along with social institutions Culture of Self-improvement and the New Middle Class - Refromers (1830s) shifted from broad efforts to those on self control/improvement and external constraint which came about from hard work, frugality, and industriousness Sylvester Graham -invented the Graham diet; fruit, vegetales, whole wheat, and high fiber, ad exercise

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- believed this would remove impure thoughts and stop masturbation, invented the Graham cracker The American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, and the Temperance Movement -largest reform was the temperance movement where alcohol was characterized as a si and destroyer of families -Reverend Lyman Beecher was an advocate of this and changed it from a health issue to a spiritual one Working Men’s Association of New York - Wealthy children were educated by private tutors and college education was only for men - This association proposed free public education for all to break the grip of aristocracy Horace Mann and the Common School Movement - State governments supported the creation of public schools with MA being the first to create a Board of Education led by Horace Mann - He argued the lack of education prevented the poor from gaining prosperity Sing Sing Prison and the Penal Reform Movement - Society was looking for a way to protect itself and punish offenders through establishment of state prisons - Ossining NY prison (sing sing) hoped to rehabilitate prisoner by isolating them and instead of reform the goal was to keep the streets safe for upperclassmen Working Men’s Party - Reformers were tired of the slow process of reform and turned to electoral politics for solutions, the effect weaken political party organizations - New political groups like the Working Men’s Party provided evidence that workers lacked confidence that existing parties would respond to their issues - Most reform movements relied on influencing legislation and state and local levels National Negro Conventions -after 1830s the reform movement focused on abolition of slavery

-people like Frederick Douglas and Sojourner Truth met to combat slavery and advocate for the rights of free African Americans William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator -he used his newspaper in Boston to announce complete abolitionism with his doctrine of Immediatism, the immediate beginning of the process which led to the end of slavery - He also formed the New England Anti-Slavery Society American Antislavery Society - Dedicated itself to total abolition of slavery without compensation for owners and free citizenship for African Americans - -an anti-slavery movement developed in VA 1830 and was motivated by the increasingly worn out farming lands and lack of profit in slavery The Gag Rule in the U.S. House- 1836, automatically tabled any antislavery petitions Liberty Party -The Antislavery Society met in 1840 and decided whether women should participate and that resulted in the Liberty Party -proposed prohibition of slavery in any new states and opposed women's suffrage Seneca Falls, New York- three hundred people met in 1848 and passed a Declaration of Sentiments and declared independence from male domination Review Questions (Answer all parts of the question) 1. What conditions gave rise to labor protests in the 1820s and 1830s? What forms did that protest take? There was an expansion of factories and agrarian work changed to industrial with unsafe conditions. Workers had long work days and started advocating for 10- hour days and access to education. They received low wages to support families as the cost of living was rising, especially when piece wages were instilled. Workers began to form labor organizations and trade unions to advocate for

better conditions, higher wages, workers' rights, and education. Labor unions like the National Trade Union were created to represent workers' best interests and negotiation with employers. Workers started participating in strikes and riots and advocated for political leaders. 2. What conditions gave rise to the early women’s rights movement? Gender inequality affected women's educational opportunities, employment prospects, and lack of legal rights like the ability to vote. Many women were involved in the abolitionist movement to end slavery and were inspired to advocate for their rights. The Seneca Falls Convention was the starting point of the women's rights movement; it adopted the Declaration of Sentiments calling for women's suffrage and addressed women's grievances. 3. Did the rise of Perfectionism and the Benevolent Empire reflect a new democratic impulse or a desire for social control? Perfectionism was rooted in the improvisation of society. It inspired ideas of moral and social reform to increase positive change within ideas like self-improvement. It was also rooted in ideas of social control trying to regulate and improve the behavior of morality of individuals and communities often guided by religious principles. 4. Why did some reformers abandon the tactic of “moral suasion” over time? Moral suasion relied on the idea that appealing to people's moral conscience and persuading them to change their beliefs and behaviors would lead to social reform. Most reformers grew frustrated with the slow change and resistance brought about by this method. The influence of radical activists began to promote more assertive and confrontational tactics and reformers began to embrace this. They also started to look towards electoral politics for solutions instead. 5. Discuss the meaning of the theory of nullification. The theory of nullification is a political and legal doctrine that asserts the right of a state to invalidate or nullify a federal law it deems unconstitutional within its borders. It was created in response to the growing power of the federal government and gives individual states the power to reject federal laws they believe violate the Constitution. It was controversial as it challenged supremacy of federal law and threatened the unity of the nation. 6. What social and economic conditions contributed to the environment in which self-help societies and movements were born in the United States?

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Self-help societies and movements in the United States emerged against a backdrop of economic instability, westward expansion, and the limited availability of government social services. Change wasn't going to happen on its own, groups and movements needed to be performed to promote and inspire that change. The cost of living was rising while the price of wages was lowering and there was a major lack of equality among men and women and black and white. Newer states especially lacked traditional support systems and needed to rely on their resources. These conditions created a need for self-reliance and community support. 7. What contributed to this period of reform and conflict? Consider the roles of slave rebellions, the women's rights movement, the abolition of slavery, and the rise of labor in the reform context. What does this period of reflection say about Americans during the 1820s and 1830s? During this period, there was an increasing awareness and need for reform. Inspiration from other reform groups prospered setting off a domino effect of change. Nat Turner's Rebellion highlighted the brutal nature of slavery and brought the issue into the forefront of national discussion. Women saw this movement and started to challenge traditional gender roles asserting their rights and demanding recognition. The rise of labor movements was long coming as wages were barely livable and the working conditions were poor leading to protests, strikes, and organizational demand for workers' rights. The period reflects the changing values and growing tensions within American society at this time and the recognition and need for change.

Chapter Eleven-Reform and Conflict, 1820-1840 (1)

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