Amsco Unit 8 Reading Guide

Name:_______________________________________________________________________Date:_______Class:______ APWH|Unit 8 “Cold War and Decolonization” Directions: For each reading section define the important vocabulary words and answer the reading questions that follow using specific details. It is imperative that you complete your readings thoughtfully and independently. Students who do not do their reading will not do well in this course. Vocabulary for Section 8.1-8.2 Key term/event Significance The “Big Three” The leaders of Great Britain, The United States and the Soviet Unions. The Tehran Conference The allies agreed that the Soviet Union would concentrate on Eastern Europe while Britain and the United States would concentrate on Western europe. The Yalta Conference The allies knew Germany was near defeat but they disagreed about what should happen after Germany surrendered. The Potsdam Conference The final meeting among leaders of the Big Three. Superpowers US-Soviet Union tensions evident at Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam. Cold War A conflict that does not involve direct military confrontation between two or more rival states. Hydrogen Bomb In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and and the US each developed a hydrogen bomb which were much more powerful then the atomic bombs used in WWII/ Military-industrial complex An informal alliance between the government and the large defense contractors Self-determination The idea that each country should choose its own form of government, as well as its leaders United Nations The UN was a collection of leaders of the US, Great Britain, the Soviet Union and China. Iron Curtain The split between Eastern and Western Europe. Satellite Countries Small states that were economically and politically dependent on a larger state. World Revolution A belief that organized workers would overthrow the government. Containment A policy that prevented communism from spreading. The Marshall Plan Designed to aid all nations of Europe Space Race The competition between the US and the Soviets to see the advancements made in space related innovation

Section 8.1: Setting the Stage for the Cold War and Decolonization Objective Key Developments Explain the historical context of the Cold War after 1945. Bringing the War to an End Who was in the “Big Three”? Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union There were three meetings after WWII between the “Big Three”. Describe what occurred in each of the meetings: Tehran Conference Yalta Conference The Potsdam Conference - Allies agreed that the Soviet Union would focus on freeing Eastern Europe - Britain and the US agreed to shift some Polish territory into the Soviet Union. - February 1949 - Leaders focus on creating a plan to reconstruct Eastern Europe and for defeating Japan - July 1945 - Germany - Harry Truman represented the United states - Insisted on free elections - Stail refused to comply with Truman’s demands Explain how these meetings could “set the stage” for the Cold War. Potsdam and the earlier conferences failed to settle important issues that still remained between the countries, this would later cause the rise in tensions during the cold war. Shifting Balance of Power Why were Europe and Asia not leaders after WWII? What did a lot of countries “flee” to? The countries had been devastated due to war, they had about 60 million deaths because of it. A lot of countries flee to safety and opportunity from communism. Which major countries were devastated the most? What did countries like France and Great Britain lose during the war? The worst hit were Poland and Germany. Countries like France and Great Britain did not lose much due to the war, and were able to sustain democracy. What were 3 factors that positioned the United States to become one of the most powerful countries in the world in the aftermath of WWII? 1. The US was located inland, as was untouched by the attacks. 2. The loss of life was far lower in the US then in European countries 3. The US developed atomic weapons that had made the country more powerful Advances During the War What were some of the advancements in universities in the US that were invented during the wartime period? One was the spread of penicillin, which saved the lives of thousands of wounded sorders. The Start of the Cold War There were obvious tensions between the Soviet Union and the US, but why would they not fight each other militarily?

-economic assets, such as farms and factories are owned privately - private interests determined economic decisions - Economic assets were owned by the government - The system emphasized equality and fairness Explain the key differences between the USA's democracy and the USSR’s Authoritarianism. Democracy Authoritarianism - Elected leaders through free elections - Independent press - - Elections were non significant - The press was operated by the government - A single party dominated politics Explain the similarities between the two superpowers. They both controlled big economical decisions in their groups and either the government or millions of corporations shareholders. Conflicts in International Affairs What did each side want to do? What was the result? Each side wanted to expand the system throughout the world. It resulted in a long-running battle for influence over the opinions of people and alliance with governments. A. The USSR and Its Satellite Countries What did the USSR make the satellite countries they had do to compete with the USA? Small states that are economically or politically dependent on a larger, more powerful state and were forced to import only to the Soviet. What did these actions allow the USSR to exploit? It allowed these countries to export only to the Soviet Union. B. World Revolution What was the threat to the USSR according to them starting in 1918? The threat was the way Soviet Union viewed capitalism. What were some of the revolutions that the USSR supported? Growing revolutionary feelings became a serious threat to western powers.

C. Containment What is the policy of containment? It was not letting communism spread farther. How did many people want to take the policy of containment “a step further”? Some people argued for a more aggressive policy to overthrow existing regimes, to roll back the spread of communism. D. Truman Doctrine What were the main ideas of the Truman Doctrine? One of his strong statements was that the US would do what it had to do to stop the spread of communism influence. Where specifically did the Truman Doctrine want to be instilled in? Truman pledged US economy and military support to help the two countries resist this communist of communism. E. Marshall Plan What was the Marshall Plan? Was designed to offer 12 billion dollars in aid to all nations of europe including germany. Why was the Marshall Plan created and what was it meant to stop? The plan worked. It was meant to stop the barriers and rebuild Europe's economy. What did the Soviet Union also create in lieu of the Marshall Plan? What did it do? The plan worked. It was meant to stop the barriers and rebuild Europe's economy. The Space Race and the Arms Race A. Space Race What was the first artificial satellite called? It was called Sputnik Who built it? What did it make the other superpower do? The soviet union. It made the other country send a man to the moon before or at least close to when they did. B. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) What did both countries figure out would happen if each of them set off their ICBM’s? They would be capable of delivering a nuclear warhead ito US territory. The Non-Aligned Movement Where did many of the countries come from who wanted to stay out of the US-Soviet Cold War? They wanted an alternative framework for international economic, political, and social order. Explain what they wanted.

Communist bloc The Communist bloc was a group of states in Central Europe that were socialists and were also influenced by the Soviet Union and its thoughts. This group was in place throughout the Cold War from 1947 to 1991. Domino Theory The Domino Theory is the fear that China and the Soviet Union would bring all of Southeast Asia under communist rule. Anti Nuclear weapons movement The Anti-Nuclear weapons movement was in opposition to U.S. testing of nuclear weapons in the Pacific Ocean. This involved Japan, U.S., and Western Europe was involved. Objective Key Developments Compare the ways in which the United States and the Soviet Union sought to maintain influence over the course of the Cold War. Introduction What were some of the examples of “proxy wars.” Some examples of proxy wars include but are not limited to Roman-Persian wars, the Korean war, the Greek Civil War, the Vietnam War, and the C uban Missile Crisis. Allied Occupation of Germany *City of Berlin split after WWII Explain the significance of each event: Berlin Blockade Berlin Airlift Two Germanys (Split between East and West) Berlin Wall The Berlin Blockade was significant because of an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain, and France to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany. After world war II, the Soviet Union did not allow the Western Allies to use their railroads or canals and this is important because it was the first major international crisis that had occurred in the Cold War. For purposes of occupation, the Americans, British, French, and Soviets divided Germany into four zones -the American, British, and French zones together made up the western two-thirds of Germany, while the Soviet zone comprised the eastern third. The Berlin Wall was built by the German Democratic Republic during the Cold War to prevent its population from escaping Soviet-controlled East Berlin to West Berlin, which was controlled by the major Western Allies. NATO, The Warsaw Pact, and Other Alliances

Who was involved in NATO and what were the goals of it? -USA, England, France, Canada, & Western Europe -made for participating countries to defend one another if they were attacked by another country What was the Soviet’s response to NATO? What was created? -The Warsaw Pact -Mutual defense treaty between eight Communist States of Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War What is SEATO? Who was involved? -Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty -United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan What is CENTO? Who was involved? CENTO is an acronym that stands for Central Treaty Organization. This was a military alliance that was formed during the cold war. The time period that CENTO was created in 1955 by places including Iran, Pakistan, the UK as well as Turkey. CENTO had ended in 1979. Proxy Wars Korean War How did the Korean War begin? When North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunite the country under its leadership. What was the UN’s response and who did they support? The UN voted to defend South Korea militarily. How did the war end? The war ended in a stalemate. Vietnam War What happened under US President Dwight D. Eisenhower? He sent military advisers to South Vietnam to train the South Vietnamese army and to prevent a communist takeover by North Vietnam. What happened under US President John F. Kennedy? He increased the number of advisers from 1,000 to 16,000. What happened under US President Lyndon B. Johnson? What did he believe in also? He sent more U.S. troops to South Vietnam. He believed in the domino theory. He feared that China and the Soviet Union would bring all of Southeast Asia under communist rule.

The importance of the Test-Ban Treaty is that it was able to limit the amount of radiation that people would be exposed to from the weapon testing. This Treaty was accepted and signed by the Soviet Union, the U.S., and more than 100 other states signed it. France and China did not sign it. Angola had many challenges after fighting for its indpendence. Their borders had been set by European colonial powers with little regard for traditional regions and rival ethnic groups were thrown together under one government. Civil war broke out and after 27 years of fighting, the rivals agreed on a cease-fire. Threats of violence from militant separatist groups remained. Dictatorship by the Somoza family was ended by the rebel Sandinistas. 2 years later, conservative opponents of the Sandinistas, known as Contras, tried to overthrow them. The Contra War began from 1981 to 1988. What is the Anti Nuclear Weapon Movement? It was in opposition to U.S. testing of nuclear weapons in the Pacific Ocean. Who was involved in the Anti-Nuclear Weapon Movement? Japan, the U.S., and Western Europe were involved. SBMCQ’s Answers 1. _________a____ 2. _____c__________ 3. _____c_________