Exam 1 Review Questions

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Louisiana State University *

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2102

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History

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Oct 30, 2023

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★ Archaic Rome 1 ○ What advantages did Rome’s location have? ■ beyond reach of colonizing foreigners; mediterranean climate (mild temp and su±cient rainfall) made for more agricultural production; had a lot of mineral wealth and major rivers allowed for transportation; mountains at top and middle of Italy made it harder to pass; defensible hills, abundant water, and a natural crossing place below tiber island(1) ○ What mountain range forms the “spine” of Italy? ■ The apennines ○ Which mountain range creates a barrier in the north of Italy? ■ The alps ○ How did plains people di²er politically from hill people? ■ Plains people tend to urbanize into a polis (city-state) ruled by its citizens w/ laws they make and enforce. ■ Hill peoples have loose confederations, and prefer independence over collectivity. Will only surrender independence to be apart of a larger community. ○ Why are our literary sources for the history of Rome during the monarchy problematic? ■ Not reliable, written many centuries after the fact, literary genre--embellishing A LOT ● Most legends and tales ○ From where did Aeneas come and why was he famous? ■ Troy (after its fall) ■ He was an epic hero from the trojan war connected to the founding of Rome ■ Fated to rule Rome, and saves his father and son when troy falls ■ Who was his divine parent? ● Venus ■ What was his most important quality and what famous image captured that? ● His pietas: devotion to family, gods and country ● Aeneas Flees burning Troy, Federico Barocci (1598)

○ ○ What is the traditional date (year only) for the founding of Rome? ■ 753 BC ○ Who was the divine parent of Romulus and Remus? ■ Son of Mars ○ What threat did Romulus and Remus survive as infants, and how did they survive? ■ Their cradle was thrown into the river to be drowned. They survived because of a wolf and the king's ﬂock found the wolf tending to the babies and the king raised them himself. ○ How was the naming of Rome decided? ■ Romulus killed Remus, so Romulus became the leader and founder of Rome ○ What notable thing happened when Rome was founded? ■ Whoever tried to jump over the walls surrounding Rome would be killed? ■ Civil war between twins? ○ What do the legends of Rome’s origins and early history reveal about how the Romans defined themselves? ■ Founders have traditional virtues ex: pietas, virtus, fides, etc ■ Gods show prestige, respectability, and legitimacy important ■ Assimilation of di²erent peoples ○ What did Rome probably look like in the 8th century? ■ Their homes were huts and there were several settlements or villages into one community (synoecism) ■ Strong family groups descended from common ancestor (male line)--- family traditions ○ What is synoecism? ■ the coming together of several villages or settlements into one community ○ Which river ﬂows through Rome?

■ Tiber ○ How did it a²ect Rome socially and financially? ■ Financial and cultural benefits from increased contact with nearby civilized peoples ■ Marketplace develops ■ Pop growth and increase in upper class ■ Military strength ○ What type of society seems to have developed in Latium in the 9th and 8th centuries? ■ Synoecism which is the coming together of several villages or settlements into one community ○ What contrast is there between the stories told by the Romans about their origins and the stories commonly told by Greeks about their origins? ■ Greeks emphasized ethnic purity ■ Romans had the involvement of gods and destinty ○ Know the meaning of the terms virtus, pietas, fides, and constantia. ■ Pietas: devotion to gods, family, country ■ fides:trustworthiness ■ Virtus:strength and courage ■ Constantia:firmness of character ○ How did Romulus ensure a permanent population for Rome? ■ Declares rome an Asylum: safe place for a new start ■ Held a games to show o² new cu=ity that attracted neighboring people ● Maidens were abducted to be married o² -rape of sabines ○ How was the war that followed stopped? ■ The sabine women intervened and sabine became one with Rome ○ What happened to Romulus at the end of his life? ■ “. . . Romulus held a review of his army at the "Caprae Palus" in the Campus Martius. A violent thunderstorm suddenly arose and enveloped the king in so dense a cloud that he was quite invisible to the assembly. From that hour Romulus was no longer seen on earth. When the fears of the Roman youth were allayed by the return of bright, calm sunshine after such fearful weather, they saw that the royal seat was vacant.” ○ What is Tarpeia's story? ■ “... Tatius [Titus Tatius, king of the Sabines] bribed her to admit his troops within the citadel. Once admitted, they crushed her to death beneath their shields, either that the citadel might appear to

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have been taken by assault, or that her example might be left as a warning that no faith should be kept with traitors. A further story runs that the Sabines were in the habit of wearing heavy gold armlets on their left arms and richly jeweled rings, and that the girl made them promise to give her "what they had on their left arms," accordingly they piled their shields upon her instead of golden gifts. Some say that in bargaining for what they had in their left hands, she expressly asked for their shields, and being suspected of wishing to betray them, fell a victim to her own bargain.” ○ For what is Numa Pompilius best known? ■ Sabine (assimilation) ■ Man of peace who established framework of roman state religion: priesthoods, vestal virgins, cults, instructions, calendar ○ How did Numa give extra authority to his actions? ■ He turned his actions to domestic matters; He removed all danger from without, so they would no longer have to be restrained by fear of an enemy or by military discipline; He made people have fear in gods. ■ Claimed to have supernatural wisdom and spoke with nymph Egeria ○ What is the basic story of the Horatii and Curiatii? ■ In the ancient Roman legend of the kingdom era, the Horatii were triplet warriors who lived during the reign of Tullus Hostilius. The accounts of their epic clash with the Curiatii and the murder of their sister by Publius, the sole survivor of the battle, appear in the writings of Livy. ★ Archaic Rome 2 ○ How did Rome change physically in the seventh and sixth centuries? ■ Rome became a true city: ● Separate communities merged into one urban entity ● Community’s financial and human resources organized and allocated to build up the city and benefit the community ■ Prosperity, urban engineering, sewers, monumental constructions, stone houses instead of huts, showing o² of wealth ○ Roughly when did the Etruscan domination of Rome supposedly begin? ■ late 7th century into the 6th century ■ the last 3 kings were Etruscan ○ Which place of origin of the Etruscans does DNA testing support?

■ Italy ○ What is problematic about surviving Etruscan writing? ■ Not Indo-European, and not enough variety in surviving examples to understand fully ○ What is our best source for information about the Etruscans? ■ Their tombs ○ Be prepared for questions about their art, lifestyle, and their women. ■ Metals, Hydraulic Engineering->Wealth ● Loved life and loved to play ● Bronze, Iron, Drainage and Irrigation ■ Held athletic games ■ Naturalism>realism ■ Women have status and Freedom ● Educated ● Children carried their names ● Could own property ● Associated freely with men ○ What was the political organization of the Etruscan states? ■ Loose federation of city-states ■ Society dominated by wealthy aristocracy ○ What characteristics separated Tuscanic/Italic temples from Greek temples? ■ Tuscanic/Italic: Higher Podium (base), deeper porches, approachable only by front ○ In addition to agriculture, what was the major source of Etruscan wealth? ■ Metals and lumber ● Tin and copper [for bronze], iron ● Hydraulic engineering: drainage and irrigation increase agricultural production. ○ Be ready to identify fasces and curule chair. ■ Fascis (fasces): symbol of authority to enforce the law and to lead armies. Carried by lictors, who accompanied the highest magistrates.

● ■ Curule chair for highest magistracies. Folding stool with two hinged S-shaped ivory [or veneer] legs ● ○ What transition in warfare does the book describe between the eighth and fifth centuries? ■ major changes in the frequency of warfare, as well as in its scale and degree of organization. The new ways of making war a²ected not only relations between emerging cities, but also the role and power of aristocracies, the political and social organization of the communities themselves and their physical layouts. ○ How did the Latins compare to the Greeks when it came to sharing citizenship? ■ Greeks were strict with their citizenship ★ Archaic Rome 3 ○ Why did Tarquin the Elder come to Rome? ■ To gain status and nobility as well as good reputation in the young city ■ Pushed to emigrate to rome by his ambitious wife Tanaquil ○ The story of his migration to Rome reinforces what characteristic of early Rome? ■ Dictatorship, hard work ○ What prodigy suggested that he would become great?

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■ Eagle and cap ■ Or servius tullius?? ○ Tanaquil is known for … ■ (not “giving instructions for religious institutions…) ■ Pretending her assassinated husband was alive until she has his successor in place ○ The initial solution of the plebeians to the control of the government by patricians was to ■ Set up their own state within the o±cial state ○ What did this incident reveal about Tanaquil? ■ Her expertise in interpreting celestial prodigies? ■ Or her kindness?? ○ How did Tanaquil help Servius Tullius to become king? ■ Engineered his succession after assassination of Tarquin ● She tells ppl the king is injured and that tullius will fill in days later they announce the king is dead and tullius stays king. ○ For what is Tullia known? ■ Helps orchestrate murder of father to get husband in power ○ How do the stories about Tanaquil and Tullia relate to the status of Etruscan women? ■ Ambitious wives, independent, educated ○ According to Livy, what program of the two Tarquin kings alienated the Roman people? ■ Ruled by fear-purged enemies ■ created fear in anyone who might oppose him, rules by fear and purges enemies ○ How did the last two rulers of Rome break with custom when they came to power? ■ Seized power, not elected ○ What is the relevance of the inscription on the Satricum Stone (Lapis Satricum) to the political situation at Rome at the end of the sixth century?

■ Tyrants rather than kings? ■ "the companions of Publious Valerious erected to Mars"? ■ Evidence of warlords? ○ What are the two traditions for Servius Tullius' origins? ■ ○ What prodigy suggested that Servius Tullius would rise to greatness? ■ fire ○ How is Servius Tullius said to have shifted some political power away from the landed aristocracy? ■ he is credited with originating the census and a new assembly, The Centuriate Assembly, which had a military organization ■ By creating a new census and assembly, he gave more power to a cross section of the population-similar to greece ■ The first to ascend the throne without being elected ○ With what surviving physical structure in Rome is Servius Tullius associated? ■ The servian wall ○ What is the traditional year for the end of the monarchy? What incident brought about the overthrow of the monarchy? ■ 509 ○ For what are the following famous: Lucretia, L. Junius Brutus, Horatius Cocles, Mucius Scaevola, and Cloelia? ■ Lucretia ● alone was found to be virtuous of the bored aristocratic men’s wives ○ raped by Sextus then takes her own life ● Lucretia is set up as an extreme example of virtue to contrast with the behavior of women in Livy’s time ■ L. Junius Brutus ● Leads rebellion to end monarchy ● becomes one of the republic’s first consuls of top magistracy in rome ○ Considered father of the republic ■ Horatius Cocles ● held back the Etruscans while they broke down the only bridge into Rome

■ Mucius Scaevola ● Tries to assassinate Etrucan king Porsenna but kills a secratary by mistake ● ("lefty") frightened Porsenna into peace negotiations ■ Cloelia ● lead a group of female hostages in a daring escape from Porsenna's camp ● Honored by both Estrucans and Romans ★ Struggle of the Orders and Roman Republican Government ○ What was the main basis of distinction between patricians and plebeians? ■ Patricians - extremely powerful, want to monopolize Rome; arian invaders; hereditary descendants from male line; monopolize politics, law, religion. ■ Plebeians - serve patricians; native Latins; had majority of people ○ What were the reasons for plebeian agitation? ■ Protection and ambition ● Poor, sometimes arbitrary treatment of plebeians by patrician magistrates and by individual patricians. Debt and debt slavery [nexum: subjection of one’s self to another’s power of seizure] ● Wealthy, powerful non-patricians want access to the highest o±ces of the state. ○ What was a secessio? ■ plebs withdraw from Rome and threaten to set up their own state. ● In 494, 449, and 287: two of the three involved debt. ○ What was the initial solution of the plebeians to the patrician control of the government? ■ Plebeians create their own state within a state ● Plebeians create their own magistrates: ○ Tribunes and aediles vs. consuls and quaestors ● Plebeians create their own assembly: ○ Council of the Plebs vs. Centuriate Assembly ● This state within a state will have unexpected consequences later. ○ What was the Law of the Twelve Tables and what was it not? ■ Law of the Twelve Tables -Laws need to be published.

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● Produced by a commission of ten men, the Decemviral Commission or Decemvirs. ● Publication of existing law and custom ■ Not a Bill of Rights or Constitution ■ Not a comprehensive legal code ○ What was the date of the Law of the Twelve Tables? ■ 449 ○ What was the significance of the lex Canuleia? ■ allowed intermarriage between patricians, the noble class families living in antique Rome, and plebeians, the ordinary people, not nobles in the Roman Empire. The marriage between patricians and plebeians had been prohibited five years earlier when the Roman law was made. ● Victory for powerful plebeian families ○ Plebeians need alliances with patrician families to further their political careers. ● Beginning of the end for the patrician order ○ Fifty patrician clans in the fifth century; only fourteen left in the first. ○ What did the Licinio-Sextian laws restore and with what provision for the plebeians? ■ It addressed the economic plight of the plebeians and prevented the election of further patrician magistrates. ■ Licinio-Sextian Laws, aka the Sextio-Licinian Laws (367) ● Consular tribunate abolished ● One of the two consuls may and later (342) must be a plebeian ● O±ce of praetor created ■ Named after the people's tribunes, Lucius Sextius and Gaius Licinius who advocated for the abatement of harsh debt laws and access to the higher magistracies for the plebeians. Held that one of the consuls should be a plebeian. ○ What did the lex Poetilia and the lex Ogulnia do for the plebs? ■ Lex Poetilia (326 or 313): end of debt slavery ■ Lex Ogulnia (300): plebeians entered priestly colleges ○ What did the Hortensian law do for the plebs and what was its date? ■ Decreed that plebiscites were to be as legally valid as leges. Marked the end of the Struggle of the Orders. Passed under the dictatorship of Hortensius and after the third secession of the plebs. After this plebiscites occured in the comitia tributa. 287 BC

■ It gave the plebeians equal rights to participate in the government and worship of Rome, which was previously not allowed. This law helped to bridge the gap between the patrician and plebeian classes and allowed for a more inclusive society. ○ What safeguards against tyranny were there in the republican magistracies? ■ Intercessio: mutual veto power; the negative wish always prevails ■ collegiality principal: two or more share the same o±ce ■ mutual veto (intercessio) ■ popular elections ■ limited time in o±ce ■ no pay, just duty (pietas), respect (dignitas), and power (auctoritas) ○ Know the basic duties of the quaestors, aediles, tribunes of the people, praetors, consuls, and censors. ■ Quaestors-financial o±cers ● filled in for disabled commanders ● primarily financial o±cers and assistants to those in higher positions, such as consuls and governors. At Rome may assist consuls or administer the treasury. ■ Aediles-responsible for care of the city ● oversaw public games ● responsible for the day to day care of the city (maintained streets, public buildings, markets, etc.). Oversaw most public games. ■ Tribunes of the people- only non-patricians allowed ● protect lives and interests of plebians ■ Praetors- took over for consuls when they are absent ● administration of justice ■ ● Consuls--replaced kings ● 2 elected annually ● civil and military position ● power to command ● replaced the kings and took over the their civil and military duties. ■ Censors- ex-consuls ● conducted census ● assigned men to voting centuries or tribes where one vote counts for all and kept and revised senatorial rolls.

○ Who made up the assemblies? ■ all male citizens who attend ○ How was voting in the assemblies slanted to favor the wealthy and powerful (unit voting)? ■ Patron client relationships could inﬂuence elections. ■ could only vote on proposal or candidates put before them by the magistrate in charge ■ no discussion or modification ■ unit voting: votes decided by a majority of centuries and tribes ○ What was required to become a Roman senator? ■ Not directly elected; enrolled by censors. ● A certain level of wealth required and usually a prerequisite magistracy in ■ the Cursus Honorum, but one could be appointed without the magistracy. ● Served for life unless removed by the censors ○ What did the senate legally have the power to do? ■ Senate: Aristocratic council whose will is carried out by state o±cials who are senators themselves. ● the senate expresses its opinion; it cannot pass laws ○ Consul saw to it that their will was obeyed. ○ Auctoritas: the power that comes from one’s prestige ○ What pay did magistrates and members of the assembly receive? ■ No pay just fame ○ What was imperium, and which magistracies held it? ■ Power to command ■ Consuls and praetors ○ Which assembly elected the magistrates with imperium? ■ Centuriate assembly ○ Which magistracy was able to veto all other magistrates and the assemblies? ■ tribunes ○ Know the basics about the o±ce of dictator. ■ Appointed by magistrate with imperium on advice of the senate ■ Usually to command an army or some specific task ■ Held highest imperium: 24 lictors. ■ Power superior even to consuls; magistracies usually continued. ■ Limited term: six months or till the end of the task. ● Cincinnatus the ideal dictator (The Romans, p. 49). ■ Appointed a Master of the Horse to assist him; this assistant had

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● imperium equal to praetors. ○ What was prorogation? ■ extension of imperium of o±cials whose term has ended or assignment of imperium to individuals to accomplish a specific task ★ Rise of the Rome ○ As the Romans expanded their control in Italy how did they deal with conquered Latins and Italian peoples? ■ w/ some exceptions, rome did not destroy, enslave, or reduce to serfdom defeated foes in Italy. Romans extended their state w/ di²erent degrees of citizenship. ● Latin cities and towns more liberal w/ citizen rights than greek cities ○ How did the Romans change the conception of citizenship? ■ Citizenship that was not based on place, race or cultural background. ○ What were municipia and Latin colonies? ■ Municipia: self governing towns with full rights of roman citizenship ● “Forts” like latin colonies ● Tended to be smaller than latin colonies [300 families vs 2500-6000 families] ■ Latin colonies: self-governing city-states w/ their own magistrates, assemblies, councils of ex-magistrates [=senate] ● Colonists are citizens of that colony ● Colonies could be founded from scratch, or rome could confer latin status on an existing community ○ What purpose did they serve? ■ (1)Fortified communities often located in naturally strong positions. (2)Established a defensive network to protect the Latin heartland. (3)Colonies stabilize and consolidate conquests. ■ ○ Besides survival and enrichment, what reasons were behind Rome’s expansion into an empire? ■ Aristocratic need for gloria [glory], dignitas[reputation for worth = honor or esteem], auctoritas[the power that comes from respect= prestige], and clients ■ And later on… defensive imperialism, business, and to protect grain imports ○ Be prepared to identify Coriolanus, Cincinnatus, and Veii.

■ Coriolanus- Arrogant politician. Gets himself exiled. Leads the Vulcians against the city. Women get together and send his wife and mother to talk to him about it. ● a traitor of Rome who was preparing to attack. The Romans sent women to convince him to not attack but he didnt care. It was his mother who convinced him to stop. ■ Cincinnatus-Ideal dictator, true man of the republic ● a humble person who was farming when they went to him for help and they made him dictator. ■ Fall of Veii-Huge win! ● Removes serious rival and threat ● In addition to booty and slaves, Roman territory increased by 50%-60%. ● Land redistributed to the plebeians. ● More hoplite soldiers since military service based on individual’s wealth, and land is wealth ○ When did the Romans end the threat of Veii? ■ 396 ○ In what year was Rome sacked and by which people? ■ 390 by the gauls [gallic sack of rome] ● [387/6 probably the date, based on reference in Polybius, a Greek historian] ○ What stopped the enemy from taking the Roman citadel on the Capitoline hill? ■ The honking of geese sacred to the goddess Juno ○ What did the Romans do to prevent such a disaster from happening again? ■ Built the servian wall: 12’ thick, 30’ high ○ Be ready to identify dignitas and auctoritas? ■ Dignitas: reputation for worth = honor or esteem] ■ Auctoritas: the power that comes from respect= prestige], ○ With whom did the Romans fight three wars for the control of central Italy? ■ The Samnites ○ What was the significance of the battle of the Caudine Forks and in which year did it occur? ■ They fought the Samnites, Pass through the Caudine forks, go through a pass, a plain, and then another pass which is defended by the Samnites and they then become trapped within either side

on the passes. They surrender. They are made to "pass under the yoke" [321] ○ What change to their army did the Romans make in the fourth century? ■ They upgraded many existing border forts to make them more susceptible to fighting wars ■ Change from phalanx to the manipular[mainple?] formation[more mobile and ﬂexible] ○ What was the significance of the Battle of Sentinum and in which year was it fought? ■ Devotion of Publius Decius Mus. Samnites became socii (allies). ■ 295 BC ■ By defeating the Samnites, Rome now has total control over Italy and the empire begins to develop. They gained both land and experience, allowing Rome to continue expanding for hundreds of years. ○ What mythological propaganda did Pyrrhus employ against the Romans? ■ Claimed to be descendent of Achilles; bore the name of achilles’ son ● Claimed that he would destroy the descendants of the Trojans like his ancestor and namesake destroyed Troy. ● He also fought w/ elephants ○ What is a “Pyrrhic victory”? ■ A victory that comes at a great cost ● Battle of Heraclea 280 ○ For what other reason is Pyrrhus significant in Roman history? ■ First to use war elephants against the romans ● When he fought, he used elephants thinking it would be a good tactic, but the elephants wouldn't run over the people, only turn on their masters when shot by opposing arrows. also he could win battles but not enough to piece together to call a victory ★ Roman Religion ○ How does the saying do ut des summarize the nature of Roman religion? ■ “I give so that you give.” – the purpose is to make a deal with a god or gods ■ expresses the reciprocity of exchange between human being and deity, reﬂecting the importance of gift-giving as a mutual obligation in ancient society and the contractual nature of Roman religion.

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○ Be prepared to identify numen or numina, genius or juno, the Penates and Lares. ■ Numina (singular numen) ● disembodied spirits that control objects, places, even processes. ● They possess a personal will that can be inﬂuenced by prayers and o²erings but they have no physical appearance ■ genius and iuno (juno): numina associated with people ● Motivating force in a man’s (genius) or woman’s (juno) life ● Driving force behind one’s life, personality, actions,achievements, development, creativity, production of children ● The body is animated by the genius or juno ● Not a soul or guardian angel ■ Penates: guardians of the pantry and by extension of the household ■ Lares: originally spirits of the dead or spirits of crossroads or of fields marked o² by crossroads. ● Ensured fertility of the fields. ● Eventually they became guardian spirits of the household ○ Be ready to define anthropomorphism and syncretism. ■ Anthropomorphism: Gods take human form and personalities ■ Syncretism: Roman gods became associated with similar Greek gods and took on their functions, personalities, and myths. For example, the Roman god Jupiter became associated with the Greek god Zeus ○ To what does pax deorum refer? ■ “Peace of the gods” ■ Correct relationship between gods and the state ○ What functions did a temple (aedes) have in Roman religion? ■ Aedes: a physical structure constructed in a templum ● Templum: a sacred district or area defined and inaugurated by an augur. ● Could be an area in the sky for viewing lightning or birds or a rectangular area on the ground ■ Place for cult image and o²erings, but not worship. ■ Sacrifices take place outside temple. ■ Care taken to avoid ill-omened sounds and sights during sacrifices or any religious ceremony.

■ instauratio: repetition of a ceremony because an error or something ill-omened occurred ○ What was sought in taking the auspices? What were prodigies? ■ Auspices conducted in a templum ● Auspices: determination of divine will by interpretation of signs ● the magistrates and regular people could read auspices "timing"; i.e. watching birds or whatever ○ What were prodigies? ■ Unnatural or dangerous signs ○ What were the Sibylline Books? ■ a collection of prodigies and possible remedies; guidance NOT PREDICTIONS; consults by special board of priests at request of the senate ○ Be ready to identify hepatoscopy. ■ Viewing internal organs of a sacrificial animal, especially the liver, for signs of the gods’ favor ○ What was required of most Roman priests? ■ to be elected ■ class and wealth(upperclass) ■ knowledge of ritual, not spirituality or holiness ■ to uphold the pax deorum ■ Appointed or elected as a priest as part of public career usually for life. ○ Be ready to deal with the functions of the following: ponti²s, ﬂamens, augurs, Fifteen for Ritual Actions. ■ Ponti²s-act as advisors to magistrates in charge; current day pope (pontifex) ■ Flamens-priests of the cults of individual gods ■ Augurs-advisory board who interpret the will of the gods; eventually elected o±ce ■ Fifteen for Ritual Actions-Special board of priests who consulted the Sibylline Books at request of the senate. ○ Know the basics about the Vestal Virgins. ■ The only female priesthood and the only full-time priesthood. ■ Six in number. ■ Chosen between the ages of 6 and 10 for a period of thirty years. ■ Freed from father’s authority [sui iuris]. ■ Had to observe strict regulations especially chastity. ■ Kept the temple and fire of Vesta.

■ Appearance in contrast with chastity: hair of a bride, dress of a matron. ■ Made mola salsa [salted meal]: coarsely ground first ears of grain mixed with salt, baked, and then used to sanctify victims at sacrifices. ○ To what do the letters "D M" refer? ■ Di Manes (dis manibus [sacrum])- [sacred] spirits of the dead, common on tombstones; originally namless mass of the dead (spirits, nameless faceless spirits); eventually, manes, comes to mean the soul[divine spirit] of the individual [deceased individual] ○ What was done on the Feralia? ■ All Souls Day: Feralia. ● People go to cemeteries to leave o²erings for the dead at their tombs/graves. ● Preceded by the Parentalia: days of remembrance of deceased family members especially parents. ○ The tribal assembly was made up of.. ■ All male and female citizens ○ Genius: ■ Motivating spirit and …. Of a man ○ One reason for romes expansion into an empire ■ Nobles wanted to increase their prestige…clients ○ Pyrrhus claimed that he was the descendent of which greek hero? ■ Achilles ○ Senators usually: ■ usually a prerequisite magistracy in the Cursus Honorum ○ Hortensian law: ■ The acts of the assembly of the people gained the force of law ○ Etruscan art reveals a society that ■ Loved music and recreation ○ Augurs: ■ Experts in techniques and rules of interpreting the will of the gods ○ Virtus is best summarized as ■ Manly excellence ○ Praetors

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■ Supervised the law courts ○ One reason that out literary sources for rome during the monarchy are problematic ■ Historians filled in gaps of information with fiction ○ Tuscanic temples di²er significantly from greek…temples ■ Sat on high podiums ○ Rome was sacked by the ■ Gauls ○ A major source of etruscan wealth was the export of ■ Iron ○ The lex canuleia ■ Granted plebians the right to marry patricians ○ Municipia di²erent from latin colonies in the municipia residents ■ Were roman citizens ○ The etruscan domination of rome began roughly in the mid to late ■ 7th century ○ Pietas is best summarized as ■ Devotion to family, state and the gods ○ Divine parent of romulus ■ Mars ○ Numen ■ Disembodied force associated with a place, thing or proces ○ The horatii ■ Brother who fought a duel with three enemy brothers to decide a war ○ Lex poetilia ■ Ended debt slavery ○ Ponti²s ■ Members of the board that oversaw the state religion ○ As infants romulus and remus were threatened with death by being ■ Cast into a river

○ Fought three wars with rome to control central italy ■ Samnites ○ The Romans changed the conception of citizen by breaking the tie between citizenship and … ■ Place of residence ○ Dictators ■ Served for a limited period of time ○ The basis of the distinction between patricians and plebains ■ Family ○ Imperium ■ Power to enforce laws and command an army ○ Syncretism ■ Gods become associated with similar but originally di±erent gods ○ Compared to the greeks, when it came to citizenship the latins were ■ More generous ○ Cincinatus ■ Left his plow to become dictator.. He could ○ Indicative of aeneas’ greatest personal trait was teh much reproduced image of him ■ Carrying his father..native city ○ The law of the twelve tables ■ Dealt mostly with disputed matters of civil law but granted no new rights ○ Divine parent of aeneas ■ Venus ○ Tullia is known for ■ Running over her fathers body with a carriage ○ The lucinio-sextian laws ■ Restored the consulship and opened it to plebeians ○ End of the monarchy, beginning of the republic

■ 509 ○ The downfall of the monarchy involved ■ Sexual violence and the victums suicide ○ The sibylline books ■ Suggested remedies when.. Were observed ○ The traditional year of rome's founding ■ 753 ○ One major cause of conﬂict between the plebeians and patricians was that ■ Plebians could be enslaved because of debt ○ Voting in the centuriate assembly favored the wealthy because ■ Votes were decided by majority of centuries… for a majority ○ On the feralia romans left o²erings for deceased family members at ■ Their tombs/graves ○

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