H101Chronology

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Oct 30, 2023

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US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE US Army Command and General Staff School Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Common Core H100: History, Theory, Doctrine, Practice Advance Sheet for Lesson H101 Introduction: War, Society and the Structure of Military Revolutions Chronology 630 Muhammad captured Mecca and set out the Principles of Islam. 800 Charlemagne, King of the Franks, founded the Holy Roman Empire. 1096-1099 First Christian Crusade made to the Holy Land. 1187 Saladin recaptured Jerusalem for Islam. 1232 Earliest known use of gunpowder in Chinese war rockets recorded. 1291 Mamluks recaptured last Christian stronghold in the Holy Land. c. 1300 Beginning of Italian Renaissance—dynamic social, cultural, economic, and political environment that sought to emulate culture of the classical era. 1337–1453 Hundred Years’ War fought between England and France. 1346–51 Black Death (bubonic and pneumonic plague) killed one-third of Europe’s population. 1415 A small English army composed primarily of archers and dismounted knights fighting as formed infantry decisively defeated a vastly larger force of French feudal cavalry at Agincourt. 1429 Jeanne d’Arc appointed as military commander in France, rallied French morale and reversed the course of French defeat by relieving the city of Orleans. 1453 French recaptured all of France except for Calais (England’s last stronghold in Europe) and Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople—traditional date for the end of the Middle Ages. Constantinople’s fall spurred a European search for alternative trading routes with the East. H101 Chronology H101AS-27 March 2023

Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable metal printing type. 1492 End of the Reconquista and eviction of Moors from the Iberian Peninsula; this provided context for Columbus’s voyages to America and fueled the rise of the powerful Spanish state. 1513 Machiavelli wrote The Prince . 1517 Martin Luther’s “Ninety-five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” at Wittenberg, protesting against corruption in the Catholic Church: this began the Protestant Reformation. 1521 Machiavelli’s Art of War published. The Habsburg-Valois War confirmed Spanish dominance in Europe. 1529 A coalition of German principalities defeated Ottoman Turks besieging Vienna—this began the decline of Turkish power in Europe (first modern battle in Europe dominated by infantry formations with gunpowder weapons); Turks driven out of Europe and western Mediterranean by 1688. 1556 Philip II became the Spanish emperor; he believed his mission was the reunion of Christianity under the Catholic faith and Spanish leadership. 1562–98 French Huguenot Wars—a French civil war fueled by religion but actually a power struggle between strong families; it ultimately led to the decline of Valois and rise of Bourbon monarchy under Henry IV. 1566–1648 Dutch Revolt: William of Orange led northern provinces against Spanish repression caused by Spanish religious persecution. 1585 Maurice of Nassau reformed Dutch military. 1588 English-Spanish War caused by Elizabeth I’s support of Dutch Revolt; the defeat of the Great Armada. 1618–48 Thirty Years’ War began as a series of quarrels between the Catholic and Protestant princes of Germany, but spread to transform the political and social order of Europe; it ended with France, under Louis XIV, as the most powerful state in Europe. H101 Chronology H101AS-28 March 2023

1631 Sack of Magdeburg Battle of Breitenfeld: Gustavus Adolphus was victorious over Tilly. 1632 Battle of Lützen: Gustavus Adolphus died. 1634–59 Franco-Spanish War—extension of Thirty Years’ War—ended with the political descent of Spain and domination of French power. 1648 Peace of Westphalia ended the wars of religion in Europe. H101 Chronology H101AS-29 March 2023

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