HISTO 1110-035 Final Exam
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HISTO 1110-035: Foundation of the European World
Final Exam, due by Fri., 12/15, 11:59 PM
Please submit exam through Blackboard as a .docx or .rtf file
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I.
Short Answer Questions: 3 to 4 sentences expected for each answer,
5 to 8 points total.
5 questions required, an additional 3 may provide extra credit.
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For each answer, explain:
• What something is/was?
• When it occurred?
• Why it was significant to European history?
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1. Augustus
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2. Justinian BLANK
3. Pope Gregory I
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4. Charlemagne
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5. Great Schism
6. Duke William of Normandy 7. First Crusade
8. Magna Carta
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II.
Essay: 2 to 4 paragraphs expected for each essay, 5 points.
Fully answer one of the four questions below. Refer to a primary source, just naming the source or author, for each new idea you introduce in your essay. Three or four primary sources are expected to be mentioned in each essay.
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1. Imperial power
From 23 BCE on, leaders in the eastern and western Mediterranean sought absolute power. Looking at the cases of at least three such men, how did these leaders gain so much authority? What title did they most frequently hold, and why? What did these men believe that their position required or enabled them to do?
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2. Islam
In the 7th century, a new monotheist faith appeared in the Middle East. Discuss how this faith developed when it did: where, how, and among whom? What new ideas did this faith introduce to its culture, and why were these so appealing? But at the same time, how did the new faith come to reflect the competitive and sometimes violent culture into which it spread?
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3. 12th Century Renaissance
The 11th-13th century was a time of economic, cultural, and intellectual growth. Name three developments seen in this period. What fueled this growth? Who supported it, and why? Discuss how could this growth affected members two groups of medieval society, including monarchs, aristocrats, ecclesiastical leaders, lower-ranking clerics, knights, and peasants? What problems could ecclesiastical leaders have seen in these developments, and how did they respond?
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4. Crises and Recovery
The fourteenth-century saw crises arise throughout Eurasia. Focusing on two of these crises, discuss how these events affected monarchs, aristocrats, ecclesiastical officials, clerics, and peasants. Explain at least two long-lasting, historical, cultural, and intellectual impacts of these crises. How might the modern world have developed differently if these two crises hadn't taken place?
III. Primary source questions: 3 to 4 sentences expected for each answer,
5 points total.
Please read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.
Marsilius of Padua, “Conclusions from
Defensor Pacis
, 1324,” Medieval Sourcebook, ed. Paul Halsall, 2023, https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/marsiglio1.asp
.
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Please read the source introduction and source linked above, and answer the questions that follow:
1. What was the first council that would have inspired Marsilius’ beliefs about decisions regarding the Church should be made?
2. Marsilius saw Aristotle’s theories of an elected monarchy as the ideal for secular government, but where did he think Christians and the Church itself should look for guidance? How would this form of government have been undertaken?
3. Which popes would have been most angered by Marsilius’ demands for Church reform? 4. How did Marsilius divide the responsibilities of the Church and State? Who was to handle both lay people and clerics’ legal concerns, including crime and punishment?
5. How did the time and place in which Marsilius lived lead to his ideas for reforming the Church and state?
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