hist1001-unit-4-practice-milestone

© 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Page 1 a.) natural reproduction. b.) the enslavement of Native Americans. c.) the capture and re-enslavement of free African Americans. d.) the transatlantic slave trade. a.) Feigning ignorance and cultural adaptations b.) Conspiring to revolt in Southern cities c.) Running away to Northern free states d.) Carrying out violent rebellions on plantations a.) Most militant abolitionists supported emancipation but not equal rights for African Americans. b.) Most Northern business owners and workers supported slavery’s expansion into the Western territories. c.) Most emancipated slaves wanted to leave the United States and resettle in Africa. d.) The Second Great Awakening contributed to the rise of militant abolitionism. Practice Milestone U.S. History I — Practice Milestone 4 Taking this practice test is a stress-free way to find out if you are ready for the Milestone 4 assessment. You can print it out and test yourself to discover your strengths and weaknesses. The answer key is at the end of this Practice Milestone. 1. The population of enslaved individuals in the United States continued to grow in the first half of the 19th century primarily due to: 2. Which form of resistance to slavery was the most common? 3. Which of the following statements about antislavery activism in the early 19th century is true?

© 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Page 2 a.) The abolition movement b.) The separate spheres ideology c.) The Seneca Falls Convention d.) Republican motherhood 4. Consider the following statement: “What! mothers from their children riven!—What! God’s own image bought and sold!—AMERICANS to market driven, And bartered as the brute for gold!” Which of the following principles or movements would the speaker most likely support?

© 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Page 4 a.) “If Congress abolished slavery, it will hurt our nation’s economy and violate the Constitution, but we should do it anyway.” b.) “I’m not opposed to slavery on moral grounds, but it will tear our nation in half if it doesn’t end.” c.) “Popular sovereignty can and will adequately maintain the balance between slave and free states.” d.) “I believe all men should be free, including those currently enslaved. Yet I don’t know what to do once they are.” a.) The proximity of the Confederacy’s capital to the North b.) A defensive position c.) A manufacturing-based economy d.) The immense size of the South a.) Thirteenth Amendment—led to the assassination of President Lincoln at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth b.) Ironclad Oath—was never passed but would have required all Northerners to forgive the Southern states that seceded from the Union c.) Wade-Davis Bill—revealed a split in the Republican Party over how to go about reconstructing the Union d.) Radical Republicans—opposed any efforts to provide former slaves with civil rights or protection a.) They wanted to show how some participants in the riots were otherwise good people who got stirred up by mob mentality and did bad things. b.) They wanted to show that African Americans were perfectly capable of civic virtue and thus should be allowed to fight in the Union army. c.) They wanted to show that Franklin was not a slave but a free man, and it was thus unjust to capture him and force him into slavery. d.) They wanted to show how many victims of the riots were upstanding individuals, targeted for no other reason than the color of their skin. 9. Which of the following statements best represents Abraham Lincoln’s experience of and views on slavery prior to the Civil War? 10. Which of the following was an advantage for the Union in the Civil War? 11. Which of the following is correctly paired with its effect? 12. Why did the Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People Suffering From the Late Riots emphasize that Abraham Franklin “was a quiet, inoffensive man, 23 years of age, of unexceptionable character, and a member of Zion African Church in this city”?

© 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Page 5 a.) the Black Codes b.) Presidential Reconstruction c.) the Thirteenth Amendment d.) Congressional Reconstruction 13. The decision to divide the South into five military districts overseen by the Army was part of __________.

© 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Page 7 Answer Key Question Answer 1 a Concept: Enslavement in the United States in the 19th Century Rationale: Despite the Congressional ban on U.S. participation in the international slave trade in 1808 and gradual emancipation in the Northern states, the population of enslaved individuals in the United States continued to grow significantly throughout the first half of the 19th century. While a small amount of smuggling continued to occur after Congress enacted the ban, high fertility rates among slave women and low mortality rates relative to other regions of the world led to a natural population increase. Estimates suggest that the enslaved population in the United States quadrupled between 1808 and 1860, from roughly 1 million to 4 million. 2 a Concept: The Experience of Enslaved People Rationale: Enslaved individuals often used strategies of resistance such as pretending to be ignorant or slow witted, deliberately misinterpreting instructions, or adapting their cultural practices and beliefs to resist the dehumanizing effects of slavery. These so-called everyday forms of resistance allowed enslaved individuals to assert a sense of autonomy and maintain a degree of control over their own lives while navigating the oppressive conditions of slavery. While violent rebellions, running away to Northern free states, and conspiring to revolt were also forms of resistance to slavery, they were much less common. 3 d Concept: The Abolition Movement Rationale: The Second Great Awakening fostered a climate of moral and religious fervor that inspired many Americans to advocate for social reforms, including the abolition of slavery. As a result, it contributed to the rise of militant abolitionism, which sought the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved individuals and equal citizenship rights. 4 a Concept: Women's Activism in the Early 19th Century Rationale: This statement reflects a sentiment of outrage and moral condemnation toward the buying and selling of human beings as slaves. The speaker is expressing concern about the separation of mothers from their children, the commodification of human beings as property, and the dehumanizing effects of slavery. Based on this statement, the speaker would most likely support the abolition movement, which sought to end the institution of slavery in the United States. 5 d Concept: Manifest Destiny Rationale: “Manifest destiny” was the phrase that came to stand for the idea that White Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the lands in Western North America. This idea was informed by various beliefs, including the belief in White supremacy, the belief in the value of the frontier as an economic safety valve for the growing nation, and the belief that Western settlement was divinely ordained. This statement represents the second of these beliefs: that the frontier was an important economic safety valve for the growing nation. 6 a Concept: The Compromise of 1850 Rationale: The Fugitive Slave Act was a federal law that required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners, even if they had fled to free states or territories. It also imposed penalties on individuals who aided or harbored escaped slaves. Many Northerners opposed the Fugitive Slave Act as they saw it as a violation of personal liberties and an extension of slavery into free states. They viewed Southern slaveowners as having undue influence on the federal government, as the act was seen as favoring the interests of slaveholders over the rights of escaped slaves and those who sought to help them. 7 a Concept: A House Divided: Crises of the 1850s Rationale: The national controversies in the 1850s, which included issues such as the expansion of slavery into Western territories and the tensions between free states and slave states, resulted in a political change in America. This change was the end of the second party system, which had been characterized by the dominance of the Whig and Democratic Parties. By 1854, the Republican Party emerged as a response to these controversies, and its main focus was on limiting the spread of slavery into the Western territories. 8 b Concept: The Election of 1860 and Secession Rationale: Although all of these events contributed to the sectional tensions over slavery that ultimately led to Southern secession and the Civil War, the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in late 1860 was the most immediate catalyst. Southern states acted quickly in the wake of Lincoln’s election; by February 1861, seven states had seceded from the Union. 9 d Concept: Think About It: Was Lincoln an Abolitionist? Rationale: Abraham Lincoln was fundamentally opposed to slavery and believed that all individuals, including those who were enslaved, should be free. Thus, he was opposed to popular sovereignty and the westward expansion of slavery, but he also believed that the Constitution did not give the federal government the authority to interfere with slavery in states where it already existed. Finally, he recognized the complexities and challenges associated with ending slavery and the aftermath of emancipation. Lincoln was concerned about the practical implications of ending slavery, such as how to integrate and provide for the newly freed individuals, as well as the potential social and economic disruptions that could arise from sudden emancipation. 10 c Concept: The Civil War Rationale: One of the Union’s strategic advantages was its manufacturing capacity. The Northern states had a strong industrial base that included factories, mills, and manufacturing facilities. This allowed the Union to produce and supply weapons, ammunition, uniforms, and other essential goods and equipment

© 2023 SOPHIA Learning, LLC. SOPHIA is a registered trademark of SOPHIA Learning, LLC. Page 8 for their troops more efficiently and on a larger scale compared to the Confederacy. 11 c Concept: The End of the War Rationale: The Wade-Davis Bill was a proposed piece of legislation introduced by Radical Republicans in Congress as a more stringent approach to reconstructing the Union after the Civil War. The bill required a majority of White male citizens in each Southern state to take a loyalty oath before being allowed to establish a new state government and rejoin the Union. Republican President Abraham Lincoln refused to sign the bill, revealing a split within the Republican Party over how to go about reconstructing the Union. 12 d Concept: Perspectives on Emancipation Rationale: Recall that knowing the context of a primary source can help you interpret its meaning. The Committee of Merchants for the Relief of Colored People Suffering From the Late Riots formed in New York City in 1863 after the New York City draft riots, which targeted the city’s African American population. The committee’s purpose was to fundraise and provide aid to the city’s Black residents. Given their purpose, the committee likely mentions Franklin’s “unexceptionable character” and church membership to solicit sympathy and support in the face of racial discrimination and violence. 13 d Concept: Reconstructing the South Rationale: Under the Reconstruction Act of 1867, which was part of Congressional Reconstruction, the South was divided into five military districts to be overseen by the Union Army, who would ensure that the rights of newly freed slaves were protected and that the Southern states complied with the requirements for readmission into the Union. 14 b Concept: The Collapse of the Reconstruction Rationale: The Union Leagues were organizations that emerged during the Reconstruction era in the United States and were closely associated with the Republican Party. They were established primarily by supporters of the Republican Party and played a significant role in mobilizing African American voters and promoting Republican Party candidates during the Reconstruction era. They also provided social support and organized events to promote civic engagement and political participation among African Americans. 15 b Concept: Towards a Greater Reconstruction Rationale: The Homestead Act, passed by Congress in 1862, promoted Western settlement by granting free land to heads of households who promised to improve the land. It entitled any head of household, or individual over the age of 21—including unmarried women—to receive a parcel of 160 acres for a nominal filing fee.