Exam 1

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School

Houston Community College *

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Course

1301

Subject

History

Date

Feb 20, 2024

Type

rtf

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Uploaded by iselacernas200023

Isela Cernas Lecture Exam I HIST 1301 Fall 2017 February 3, 2024 This exam covers material from the textbook and lectures through the lecture on The American Revolution Within. Short Answer Identify 5 (and only five!) of the following 8 short answers. Each short answer is worth 20 points. Identify (who, when, what, why as applicable) and give the historical significance of each of the following terms, events, and people in one extended paragraph per item . 1. Were Native Americans primitive savages? (video clip) Who? The native Americans who populated the Americas before Christopher Columbus and subsequent European explorers arrived. When? the late 15th century. What? The term "primitive savages" perpetuates harmful stereotypes and reinforces the idea that Native Americans were uncivilized and inferior to European cultures. This biased perspective ignores the rich and complex societies that Native American tribes had developed, with advanced systems of governance, agriculture, and cultural practices. The use of this phrase disregards the devastating impact that European colonization had on Native American communities. It fails to acknowledge the forced displacement, cultural assimilation, and widespread violence that Native Americans endured at the hands of European settlers. Why? The characterization of Native Americans has been portrayed as "savages" to denigrate them and support European ideas of moral and technological superiority by demonizing native populations. In addition to providing a theological and cultural facade for these activities, this title is used to rationalize resource exploitation, land grabs, and colonialism. Acknowledging this historical fabrication highlights the significance of decolonization initiatives and a more inclusive, respectful approach to indigenous history and culture while also shedding emphasis on the long-lasting effects of colonialism. Such historical misrepresentation has perpetuated harmful stereotypes and fueled discrimination against Native Americans, leading to systemic marginalization and erasure of their rights and contributions. Historical Significance? The lasting impact of historical significance lies in the misunderstood perception of Native Americans' true history. Their societies were characterized by social organizations, land ownership, and accessible housing for all, but they were quite sophisticated. The Americas were home to many advanced architectural achievements, such as those of the Aztec, Pueblo, Inca, and Maya civilizations. Their communities were defined by strong social structures, shared land ownership, and open dwellings for everyone. A long-term contribution that these civilizations made was in the field of

architecture. Their sophisticated architectural achievements continue to inspire and influence modern- day designs. 2. Why were the Vikings unable to establish a colony in Vinland? (video clips) Who? The Vikings - Native Americans and Icelandic Vikings do not get along. When? 500 years or so before Columbus's expeditions, around the year 1000 What? Hostile Relations with Native People encountered with Indigenous peoples in Vinland led to conflicts and hindered peaceful coexistence. The arrival of European settlers in Vinland disrupted the lives and territories of the Indigenous peoples who had been living there for centuries. The newcomers sought to establish permanent settlements and exploit the land's resources, often disregarding the rights and customs of the native inhabitants. This disregard for their way of life, combined with cultural misunderstandings and competition over resources, fueled tensions and ultimately resulted in clashes between the two groups. These conflicts not only hindered any possibility of peaceful coexistence but also had long-lasting effects on the relationship between European settlers and Indigenous peoples in Vinland. Why? The various acts that hindered the establishment of a successful Viking colony in Vinland included unfriendly interactions with Native Americans, scarce resources, being far from their home territory, being in a foreign environment, not doing enough research, and having temporary settlements. These challenges led to long-term discontent among the Viking settlers, as they struggled to adapt to the unfamiliar surroundings and sustain themselves with limited resources. Additionally, the lack of proper research and understanding of the local Native American tribes further exacerbated tensions, making it difficult for them to establish a harmonious relationship and thrive in Vinland. Historical Significance? The Viking efforts to colonize Vinland are significant in history because they took place around 500 years before Christopher Columbus's expeditions, casting doubt on the Eurocentric theory that Columbus was the "discoverer" of the New World. These missions represent the best of European exploration of the Atlantic, demonstrating both nautical prowess and Native American cultural interchange, all the while creating a historical enigma regarding the precise location of Vinland. Because of the interconnection of global history and the lasting influence of Norse exploration throughout the Viking Age, the legacy of these expeditions adds to the larger Viking legacy. The long- term contribution that these expeditions made was challenging the prevailing Eurocentric narrative and expanding our understanding of global history. By showcasing the nautical skills of European explorers and the cultural exchange with Native Americans, these missions highlighted the interconnectedness of different civilizations. 3. Why did Jamestown almost fail? (video clip)

Who? First permanent English settlements in the North America. When? It was founded in 1607 in what is now Virginia, United States of America. What? Jamestown, one of the first English settlements in North America, initially had difficulties, including food shortages and confrontations with Native Americans. With the introduction of tobacco production and a change in leadership came economic success and a period of relative stability for Jamestown. The cultivation of tobacco proved to be a lucrative endeavor, attracting more settlers, and increasing the colony's wealth. Later, while Jamestown served as the Virginia Colony's capitol, it witnessed incidents like Bacon's Rebellion. The capital finally relocated to Williamsburg. Why? The numerous acts of disease outbreaks, food shortages, confrontations with Native Americans, leadership problems, a lack of diversified skills, a harsh environment, and insufficient support and supplies from the sponsoring Virginia Company of London led to long-term discontent among the settlers in Jamestown. These challenges created a constant state of crisis and instability within the colony, pushing it to the brink of failure. The settlers struggled to establish a sustainable and thriving community amidst these adversities, further exacerbating their discontent. Historical Significance? The impact included its role as the first permanent English colony in North America. This economic model not only attracted more settlers but also laid the foundation for future European colonization and expansion in the New World. The colony's democratic governance and early cultural exchange with Native Americans and other European nations set a precedent for future colonies and nations in the Americas, shaping their political systems and cultural diversity. They introduced the profitable tobacco economy and established the democratic governance, landownership pattern, and early cultural exchange, and the beginning of racial slavery in Jamestown also had a lasting impact on American history, as it led to the institutionalization of slavery in subsequent colonies and ultimately influenced the development of race relations in the United States. 4. Abuses Indentured Servitude System Who? Individuals who were obligated to work for a master or employer for a predetermined amount of time. When? 17th century to the late 18th century What? The servitude system influences the labor dynamics in American colonies and Europe. Many European immigrants voluntarily became indentured slaves to gain access to the American colonies. This method aided colonial expansion, but it was marred by a variety of experiences, ranging from reasonable agreements to severe circumstances and abuse. This created chances for economic and social mobility, notably in the colony, but it also contributed to the rise of African slavery as the primary labor system. The slavery system developed into different labor regimes. Why? The numerous acts of Abuse in the indentured servitude system were fueled by power disparities between slaves and masters, inadequate legal protection, complex contracts, masters' economic interests, cultural acceptance of slavery, servant isolation, and racial and social hierarchy. These characteristics, when combined, create a climate in which some indentured slaves were mistreated, exploited, and

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subjected to longer years of slavery, even though many had finished their contracts and achieved freedom. This long-term discontent among indentured slaves led to various forms of resistance, such as organized rebellions, escape attempts, and the formation of tight-knit communities for support and protection. Additionally, the abuse and mistreatment experienced by indentured slaves contributed to a growing awareness and condemnation of the system, eventually leading to its decline and abolition in many parts of the world. Historical Significance? The servitude system's long-term contribution to the United States and other regions is undeniable. It not only shaped cultural diversity and influenced labor practices and governance, but it also played a significant role in the transition to slavery. This transition, in turn, had profound effects on immigration patterns and settlement, further impacting the labor system. Additionally, the servitude system fostered cultural exchange and provided valuable insights into understanding our history as a nation. 5. Contribution of Women to the American Revolution/War of Independence Who? In the American Revolution, women of many backgrounds and Anglo-American women alike made contributions. When? Started in 1775 and continued until 1783. What? Women on the home front played a crucial role during the American Revolution by taking charge of managing households, farms, and businesses in the absence of male family members who were away at war. In addition to their domestic responsibilities, they also took on tasks such as managing finances, making clothing, and ensuring the family's survival. Their contributions were essential in maintaining stability and support for the soldiers fighting for independence. Many women served as caregivers for injured or sick soldiers, providing medical care during the war. Why? The numerous acts are serving as nurses, spies, and even soldiers in disguise. Women also played a crucial role in supporting the troops by fundraising, making supplies, and providing emotional support. Their contributions were instrumental in the success of the American Revolution and paved the way for future advancements in women's rights. long-term discontent among women due to their limited roles in society before the war also played a significant role in motivating them to take on new responsibilities. This discontent fueled a desire for change and equality, leading many women to seize the opportunity presented by the war to prove their capabilities and challenge traditional gender norms. The American Revolution thus became a turning point in women's history, igniting a movement for women's rights that would continue long after the war ended. Historical Significance? The participation of women in the American Revolution not only challenged traditional gender roles but also helped pave the way for future advancements in women's rights and gender equality. Their contributions during this period had a lasting impact on society, as they demonstrated that women were capable of playing significant roles outside of the domestic sphere. This set the stage for the emerging ideas of equality and paved the way for future generations of women to fight for their rights and strive for equal opportunities. The long-term contribution that the participation of women in the American Revolution made was the inspiration it provided for future movements

advocating for women's rights and gender equality. Their involvement challenged societal norms and opened up conversations about the importance of women's voices and agency. This historical event catalyzed change, encouraging future generations to continue fighting for equal opportunities and dismantling gender barriers.

Exam 1

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