ARCH Final essay outline (1)
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School
Memorial University of Newfoundland *
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Course
1005
Subject
History
Date
Feb 20, 2024
Type
Pages
3
Uploaded by EarlLightning13596
Juliana McCarthy
202227476
ARCH/HIST-1005-081/085
Introduction:
Discourse about indigenous people is a very sensitive topic with many different
areas to be researched and thought about carefully. This essay will present the argument that the
narratives of generational trauma, indigenous rights, and colonialism are present throughout the
ten sources that have been selected to be reviewed.
Body Paragraph 1
Topic Sentence: Although people like to think it is an issue that has passed, Indigenous rights are
still at an all-time low in society.
Point 1: The decision to stop or continue something can be a hard discourse but if people's lives
and traditions are at stake then it should be something that is easy to decipher.
Example 1: In the film Uranium, it shows the danger that the danger of toxic and radioactive
waste pose to Indigenous communities and people which may draw them away from their land
that they have been inhabiting for so long which causes threat to the economic and spiritual ways
in which the Indigenous live. The film dives into the discourse of if continuing the mining
despite how little we know of the risks of Uranium mining is a good thing and if it is safe to
continue on. The threat that Uranium mining poses environmental threats to Indigenous land
which is dangerous to the Indigenous communities as a whole and violates their rights to their
ancestral land which would become inhabitable. It would be destroying so much if it were to
continue but after going on for so long there are some people who will say not to bother with
stopping as the damage is already done but in that way of thinking, where is the care about the
people whose lives are already ruined and that will continue to be ruined.
Point 2: Due to the preconceived notions of Indigenous people, there is a very apparent gap
between them and non-indigenous people when you look at the state of living on Indigenous
territories and reservations. The state of their water situation and discrimination of their food
preferences and sources is disgusting as many of them have no access to clean water that isn't
expensive and are discriminated against for eating traditional food as well as just not having
access to the traditional foods that they are used to eating.
Example 2: In the article, Indigenous peoples’ food systems & well-being : interventions &
policies for healthy communities from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
by Kuhnlein, H. V., Erasmus, B., Spigelski, D., & Burlingame, B. A, this article will assist the
narrative of indigenous rights in the thesis because of the way many Indigenous people were and
still are kept from clean water and sanitation as well as a sustainable food source due to the
extreme high prices and very unclean water sources in many parts of Canada; Indigenous people
have a certain.
Body Paragraph 2
Topic Sentence: Generational trauma is present in all Indigenous people, whether they know it or
not and is caused and shown in many different ways.
Point 1: The generational trauma of indigenous people is complex and one thing that contributes
is the many missing women spoken about in the film that cause a huge impact on not only their
families but also their communities and the generations to come. The impact of not having
anyone listen to your concerns and not knowing if missing family and friends are alive or not or
are safe at all is scary. This travels through generations as people are warning their children to be
careful because if anything may happen, they will probably not be found as they would not be
looked for with the same urgency given to others.
Example 1: In the film, Finding Dawn by Christine Welsh, when looking into the cases of
missing and dead women it was found that the police were not properly looking for them as in
the film, it is stated that it took around eight or nine months before there was a proper
investigation for Daleen Kay Bosse which is an absurdly long time to go before looking for a
missing and possibly dead woman. It was also stated in the film that a lot of Indigenous people
have the idea that if it was a non-indigenous person that went missing then there would be an
investigation right away which is unfair to the Indigenous communities and the missing women.
Point 2: The loss of identity due to being stripped from their homes can be jarring and cause
many generations to go through the trauma of not knowing who you are as a person because of
being stuck between indigenous and non-indigenous traditions and lives.
Example 2: In the article,
Intimate Integration: A History of the Sixties Scoop and the
Colonization of Indigenous Kinship
by Stevenson, A, it is expressed that there is an abundance of
indigenous children in the provincial welfare system. It hints at the fact that children were taken
away from their indigenous families and communities and transracial adoptions contribute to
Indigenous people slowly losing their heritage. It demonstrates the generational trauma caused
by which Indigenous children were taken from their families and communities and put into the
foster system with some ending up in transracial adoptions making them lose a part of their
culture. This can cause a sense of lost identity and issues with who people are as a person
because they do not feel connected to who they are as a person or to their communities and
traditions that they were forced out of.
Body Paragraph 3
Topic Sentence: Colonialism affected Indigenous peoples by the hundreds in so many negative
ways due to the eviction and mistreatment of their people and ancestors.
Point 1: Archaeology is a way to explore the past but because of the practices and those who
have created them, it is hard to go about topics in a clear lens without the effects of previous
colonialism affecting even small pieces of information.
Example 1: The article, Archaeology in 2021: Repatriation, Reclamation, and Reckoning with
Historical Trauma by Montgomery, L. M., & Supernant, K, describes the use of Archaeology
being a tool to document settler colonialism and the effects of on Indigenous peoples. The article
is focused on the idea that the historical trauma faced by Indigenous people that they are still
working through in the present day and is extremely useful because of the information about
settler colonialism and how archaeology should be decolonized into a method to help those
smaller, more affected indigenous communities recover from the mistreatment they are still
experiencing.
Point 2:
Example 2: The article, Reclaiming Indigenous Governance: Reflections and Insights from
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States by Peters, E. J., & Christensen, J,
describes the Indigenous and reclaiming their rights to self-govern. The article highlights the
difficulties of going back to self-governance now after such a long time but also the benefits as
the indigenous have a very different style of living than the non-indigenous do which makes it
hard for them to function in the proper way according to their traditions as they have to mostly
follow the way non-indigenous live; Colonialism is the reason they are forced to live not
completely according to their spiritual and belief systems and the effects had on them would be
lessened if they went back to their self-governing ways like before.
Bibliography
Gebhard, A. (2018).
Reconciliation or Racialization?: Contemporary Discourses about
Residential Schools in the Canadian Prairies.
Canadian Journal of Education
,
40
(1),
1–30.
Kuhnlein, H. V., Erasmus, B., Spigelski, D., & Burlingame, B. A. (Barbara A) (Eds.). (2013).
Indigenous peoples’ food systems & well-being : interventions & policies for healthy
communities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
.
Kulchyski, P., & Tester, F. J. (2007).
Kiumajut (Talking Back): Game Management and Inuit
Rights, 1900-1970
. essay, UBC Press.
Lackenbauer, P. W. (2018).
Roots of Entanglement: Essays in the History of Native-Newcomer
Relations
. essay, University of Toronto Press.
Montgomery, L. M., & Supernant, K. (2022). Archaeology in 2021: Repatriation, Reclamation
National Film Board of Canada. Isacsson, M. (Director). (1990).
Uranium
. [Film] Canada.
National Film Board of Canada. Welsh, C. (Director). (2006).
Finding Dawn
. [Film]. Canada.
Nikolakis , W. (2019). The Evolution of Indigenous Self-Governance in Canada. In W. Nikolakis
Nikolakis , W., Cornell, S., & Nelson, H. W. (Eds.),
Reclaiming Indigenous Governance:
Reflections and Insights from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States
(pp. 55–70). University of Arizona Press.
Peters, E. J., & Christensen, J. (Eds). (2016).
Indigenous homelessness : perspectives from
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
. University of Manitoba Press.
Stevenson, A. (2020).
Intimate Integration: A History of the Sixties Scoop and the Colonization
of Indigenous Kinship
. University of Toronto Press.
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