D028 POWERPOINT AJM3
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Western Governors University *
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Course
D028
Subject
Health Science
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
20
Uploaded by SummerW31
AJM3 T
ASK
1:
COMMUNICABLE OUTBREAK ASSESSMENT
Summer Whiteside
Leavitt School of Health, Western Governors University
D028:Advanced Health Assessment for Patients and
Populations
Ilene Gottesfeld
11/13/2023
TOPIC OUTLINE
•
Case Definition
•
Outbreak Investigation
Steps
•
Surveillance Methods
•
Suspect Cases vs
Probable Cases
•
Mode Of Transmission
•
Cumulative Incidence
•
Research Project
Purpose Statement
•
Histogram
•
Incubation Period
•
Difference Between
Outbreak Types
•
Case Fatality Rate
•
Attack Rates
•
Outbreak Control
Measures
•
Disseminating
Information Plan
•
Case definition
•
Clinical features
•
Lymph node swelling, shortness of breath, productive
cough
•
Flu like symptoms
•
Person
•
Residents local to Crab Apple Valley and those affected in
the hospital after having a close encounter
•
Place
•
Crab Apple Valley and Golden Valley Hospital
•
Time
•
From the times symptoms were reported
•
8/1/21-8/7/21
KEY
COMPONENTS
OF A CASE
DEFINITION
OF AN
OUTBREAK
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STEPS OF THE
OUTBREAK
INVESTIGATION
1.
Identify Surveillance Team
2.
Establish Existence of outbreak
3.
Verify Diagnosis
4.
Construct Case Definition
5.
Find Cases
6.
Conduct Research Study
7.
Evaluate Hypothesis
8.
Implement Control Measures
9.
Communicate Findings
10.
Maintain Surveillance
SURVEILLANCE METHODS
•
Active surveillance
•
More time consuming
•
More expensive
•
Requires more personnel
•
Performs contact tracing
•
Passive surveillance
•
Requires a form to be submitted
•
Provides limited information
SUSPECT CASES
•
Meets the case definition
•
Has signs & symptoms
•
Presents during the time frame
•
73 people at the farmers market
•
31 employees from Golden Valley Hospital
•
104 total suspect cases
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PROBABLE CASES
•
Meet case definition
•
Have signs & symptoms
•
Present during given time frame
•
AND they have laboratory confirmation
•
Diagnosis
•
Bacteriological culture
•
Sputum for Yersinia Pestis F1 antigen
•
Chest x-ray
•
62 from the farmers market
•
31 from Golden Valley Hospital
•
93 total Probable Cases
MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
•
Direct
•
From person-to-person
•
It was spread via direct contact at farmers market and the hospital
•
Droplets and contact
•
Indirect
•
Airborne transmission
•
Affected those not in direct contact but in close proximity
•
Farmers market & hospital workers
•
Vector-to-Person
•
Jack was bit by fleas on his farm
UTILIZATION & CALCULATION OF
CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE
•
Formula
•
Total # of new cases
•
Population at risk per 1,000
•
Used to predict risk of disease
(WGU, n.d., Figure Residential Areas by Zip Code)
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DISEASE OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION
PURPOSE STATEMENT
•
Aim: to prevent further infection
•
Proposed study: Quantitative via Case Control
•
Hypothesis: "Individuals will be considered as a suspect case if positive contact
with known exposure on or after August 1at the Crab Apple Valley farmer
•
markets or Community Hospital exhibiting fever with or without painful,
•
swollen lymph nodes, chills, cough, and weakness" (Western Governors
•
University, n.d.)
STUDY DESIGN & JUSTIFICATION
•
Quantitative
•
Case Control
•
Is the exposure associated with a certain outcome?
•
2 groups
•
One with disease
•
One without disease
•
Both were exposed
•
Justification: identifies at-risk population and can help prevent spread of plague
OUTBREAK HISTOGRAM SCREEN
CAPTURE
(WGU, n.d., Figure Histogram Primary and Secondary
Attack)
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INCUBATION
PERIOD
Primary attack rate
• Incubation period
• One day
Secondary attack rate
• Incubation period
• Three days
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
OUTBREAK TYPES
• Example: Malaria
• A disease regularly found among a certain
population
Endemic
• Infectious disease with widespread
occurrence in a community during a
certain period of time
• Example: The plague of Crab Apple Valley
Epidemic
• A disease that spread across several
countries and affects many people
• Example: COVID
Pandemic
CASE FATALITY RATE
•
Number of deaths/number of cases x 1000
•
93 cases
•
27 deaths
•
Mortality rate = 29.03%
(WGU, n.d., Figure Mortality Rates)
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PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY
ATTACK RATES
•
Primary attack rate = 310
•
Site: Farmers Market
•
Direct contact & Droplet
spread + Indirect via
airborne
•
Secondary attack rate =
64.58
•
Site: Hospital
•
Direct contact & Droplet
spread + Indirect via
airborne
(WGU, n.d., Figure Primary and Secondary Attack Rates)
OUTBREAK CONTROL
MEASURES
•
Wash hands
•
Face mask
•
Spread via droplet & airborne
•
PPE
•
Gloves
•
Gown
•
Goggles
•
Reduce rodents around home
•
Spreads via fleas
DISSEMINATING INFORMATION PLAN
•
Local news channel
•
Social media
•
Website
•
Serving those with disabilities
•
Interpreters
•
Providing daily updates
•
Receiving responses via a call center
•
Handles questions and case reporting's
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REFLECTION
•
What do you know now?
•
What might you do differently?
•
How can you apply these concepts to current clinical practice?
REFERENCES
References
AHRQ. (2014).
Quick-start guide to dissemination for practice-based research networks
[PDF].
https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/ncepcr/resources/dissemination-quick-start-guide.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014).
Outbreak case definitions
[PDF]. CDC.gov. Retrieved November 16, 2023, from
https://www.cdc.gov/urdo/downloads/casedefinitions.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, August 9).
Plague home
. Retrieved November 17, 2023, from
https://www.cdc.gov/plague/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, August 17).
Conducting a field investigation
. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from
https://www.cdc.gov/eis/field-epi-manual/chapters/Field-Investigation.html
Kim, D.-H., Choe, Y., & Jeong, J.-Y. (2020). Understanding and interpretation of case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019.
Journal of Korean
Medical Science
,
35
(12).
https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e137
Moore, Z., MD, MPH. (2011).
Module_1_1.6_ppt_outbreakinvestigation
[PDF]. NC Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved November
16, 2023, from
https://epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov/cd/lhds/manuals/cd/training/module_1_1.6_ppt_outbreakinvestigation.pdf
Western Governor University. (n.d.).
Crab Apple Valley Communicable Outbreak Scenario
. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from
https://wgu.yourlearningportal.com/wgu/resources/courses/wgu_courses/live/hp/D028v5/story.html
World Health Organization. (2022, July 7).
Plague
. Retrieved November 17, 2023, from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/plague#:~:text=Plague%20is%20an%20infectious%20disease,bite%20of%20infected%20vector%20fleas