2022 Lab 11 - Exploring Impulse-Momentum of Car Crashes CH

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University of New England *

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110

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Electrical Engineering

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Jan 9, 2024

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Lab Assignment Sheet Exploring Impulse-Momentum of Car Crashes (Week 11) Model or Topic Explored: In this lab, we will crash the IOLab unit into a solid object like a wall or sturdy book. We will introduce the concept of momentum and look at how it changes during a crash. We will make use of the Force and Wheel sensors to collect data to see how force, time, and momentum are related. Name : Date : Constants : force Measurables : velocity, mass, force, and time of impact Observables : the iOLab unit bounces back, change in the iOLab units velocity, iOLab unit imparts force on the book, book imparts force on the iOLab unit. Problem Statement: How are momentum, force, and time related? Prediction : An impact (force) will change the velocity of the iOLab unit. The direction of the velocity will change after impact. Impulse (force applied over time) imparted on the iOLab unit changes momentum. Experiment: Procedure (list of steps with some detail): 1. Gather all the tools needed for the lab. 2. Set up a book on one end of a table to use as a stopper. 3. Attach the force spring to the iOLab unit. 4. Select “wheel” and “force” sensors on the iOLab application. 5. Click “record” to start recording the data with the iOLab unit. 6. Push the iOLab unit and let it hit the book. 7. Record the data on the iOLab software by recording the force, time, and velocity. 8. Pull 8-10 data points from the graph on the iOLab software. 9. Analyze the data in the IOLab application and then place the data into a data table in Excel (see below). PHYS 1010 – page 1

Lab Assignment Sheet Tools and Diagram of Apparatus: [In this section, please paste at least two digital photographs. One with you and your sign containing your name and the date of your experiment, and at least one more of you with the items used in your experiment (preferably while doing the experiment).] Precautions and caveats: Do not push the cart with too much force because the iOLab unit can only go up to 10N of force. Data Table with Units : [In this section, you may paste a data table from MS Excel or generate a table within MS Word.] V i (m/s) V f (m/s) F avg (N) ∆t (s) Impulse (N/s) -0.522 0.216 0.783 0.13 0.102 PHYS 1010 – page 2

Lab Assignment Sheet Data Graphs: [In this section, you may paste graphs that you have generated in MS Excel.] PHYS 1010 – page 3

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Lab Assignment Sheet Math Model(s): [Digital pictures or MS Word Equation Editor could be included if the equations cannot be easily typed.] Weight of thecart = 1.89 N Mass =( 1.89 ) ÷ ( 9.8 )= 0.19 kg Initial Momentum: P 1 = m V 1 P 1 =( 0.19 )(− 0.522 ) P 1 =− 0.0992 kg ∗ m / s Final Momentum: P 2 = m V 2 P 2 =( 0.19 )( 0.216 ) P 2 = 0.041 kg ∗ m / s Impulse: ∆ p = F avg ∗ ∆t ∆ p = 0.783 ∗ 0.13 = 0.102 kg ∗ m / s I = P 2 − P 1 I = ( 0.041 ) − ( 0.102 ) =− 0.061 Ns PHYS 1010 – page 4

Lab Assignment Sheet Diagrammatic Model : [Digital pictures or diagrams created within MS Word would be included here.] Before: During: After: PHYS 1010 – page 5 Force Table P 1 =− 0.0992 kg ∗ m / s V i =− 0.522 m / s Force Table V f = 0.216 m / s P 2 = 0.041 kg ∗ m / s Table

Lab Assignment Sheet Verbal Representation: [Represent the results and the relationships between variables that you’ve found in words.] When looking at the force graph, it is able to be concluded that the impulse was the area under the force vs. time graph which had a value of 0.102 Ns. The average force vale was 0.783N. The time of impact was 0.13s. Using the velocity graph, I obtained the values of -0.522 m/s for the initial velocity and 0.216 m/s for the final velocity. When computing the mathematical representation, the initial and final momentums and the impulse were calculated in two different ways. The initial momentum was calculated using the mass of the cart times the initial velocity which gave a value of -0.0992 kg *m/s. The final momentum was calculated using the mass of the cart times the final velocity which gave a value of 0.041 kg * m/s. The impulse was computed by taking the final momentum minus the initial momentum which equaled a value of 0.102Ns. This value was concluded to be correct because this is the same value that the force graph had given for the area under the force vs. time graph curve. Next, I calculated impulse by using the average value of force times the time of impact which gave a value of 0.102Ns. This again proved to be true because it was the same value the force graph had presented. For the diagrammatic representation, there are three scenarios for before, during, and after. In the before diagram, the cart is seen on one end of the table at a zero velocity and zero momentum and a force that will soon be produced by myself. On the during picture, it is showing the cart headed towards the book by the force produced by me on the cart. The velocity and the initial momentum both in the same direction with both negative values towards the book. The after picture is showing the cart after it hits the book and bounces back towards the direction it came from. It has a final momentum and final velocity both in the same direction with both positive values away from the book. The force in this diagram is seen to go opposite ways; one force is the force of the cart on the book and the other is the force that the book does on the cart pushing the cart back toward the direction it came from. PHYS 1010 – page 6

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