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Lawal1 Jumain Lawal Adebayo CHM 31 (Organic chemistry 1) Lab report 3: TLC Professor Sunej Hans November 9, 2023 Lab Report 3: Thin-Layer Chromatography Objective: Chemist use the term Chromatography to refers to a family of separation methods. Gas chromatography, column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography. Seperation of mixture take place with all these techniques. Introduction: Thin layer chromatography is a method in which the various chemicals contained in a mixture are known. The stationary phase is one of the two stages of TLC which is typically a polar solid, and the mobile phase which can be either liquid or gas. For the purpose of travelling up the IL plate in this instance, the solvent may be pure or a combination of solvents. The TLC plates are composed of a solid surface, commonly made of plastic, and a stationary phase or thin layer which is an absorbent surface. The solid and stationary phase in this experiment was silica gel. The liquid or mobile phase, consisted of 4 part of ethyl acetate to 1 part toluene because of its polarity, the compound that are put on the TLC plate will eventually adhere to the stationary phase because the substance is less polar than the other chemicals, it will flow when added to the mobile phase after the spot are placed on the origin line of the TLC plates. The retention factor is calculated by dividing the distance of solvent travelled by the ratio travelled by the chemical. This allows one to compare the travel times between each item. Reaction scheme (Structure from ChemDraw):

Lawal2 Data & Analysis: Rf = distance travelled by substance /distance travelled by solvent Solvent travelled = 4.8cm Compounds Measurement ( reference) Measurement Experimental/ Solvent travelled Rf Values Phenacetin 2.75 2.9 cm/4.8cm 0.60 Salicylamide 3.3 3.3cm/ 4.8cm 0.70 Caffeine 0.8 0.7 cm/ 4.8cm 0.15 Unknown #21 3.5/2.9 cm 3.7 cm/3.1 cm 0.77/0.65 Unknown = Phenacetin and Salicylamide Discussion/ conclusion: This lab is about TLC as a technique in using to recognize the different compounds that are present within a mixture. Phenacetin, Salicylamide, Caffeine are the three known substances. In the first half of our experiment, we looked at how far each of them travelled, and we found that salicylamide travelled the farthest. From the original starting line, phenacetin moved 2.9 cm, salicylamide 3.3, and caffeine 0.7

Lawal3 by utilizing the solvent front measurement of 4.8 cm together with the compounds travel distance. The Rf values for the compounds were determine to be 0.60 cm, 0.70 cm, 0.15cm respectively. In contrast to molecule that are less polar, nonpolar compounds will then generate spots that go a great distance. In comparison to other compounds that are less polar, a chemical that is thought to be less polar will frequently bond to silica gel more strongly. This indicate phenacetin is more polar than salicylamide, salicylamide is less polar/ non polar and caffeine is the most polar. All the three compound were present in the reference when tested. Using the same TLC plate procedure, the reference compound was utilized in the second portion of the experiment to identify the unknown #21 chemical after moving 3.5/2.9cm. from the original starting point the unknown #21 chemical was utilized compute the Rf values of 0.77/0.65 cm. the identity of the unknown was determined by comparing its Rf values with that of the other known compound. As a result of the experiment’s effective observation and analysis, it is clear that TLC techniques that enables us to identify the component present in mixtures by exploiting the substance’s separation and movement on silica gel plate . others will move up the TLC plate with the mobile phase while the more polar will be firmly retained on the silica gel. All the three known compound were present in reference compound as demonstrated by the Rf values and TLC plate observation. Overall, this experiment reveals which component makes up the reference substance and reveal the composition of the unknown #21 chemical when the Rf values are calculated.

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