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Amber Daugherty ELM-315 December 2, 2023 Jayme Tirres Topic 2 Toolkit Worksheet Topic 3 Glossary Terms  Decoding: Phonics involves analyzing the individual letter sounds that constitute a word. For instance, when dissecting the word "cat," one would break it down into /c/ /a/ /t/. In this breakdown, the letter 'a' produces a short vowel sound, while the others retain their typical sounds.  Fluency: Reading proficiency is the skill to effortlessly read and comprehend text without encountering difficulties or stumbling over word pronunciation. It involves expanding one's vocabulary, understanding the meaning of words, and having the capability to place them in context or connect them to familiar concepts.  Print concepts: This involves examining the overall message conveyed in the content and discerning the author's intended beliefs or understanding. It relies on the text itself rather than visual elements on the page. The process entails grasping the essence of the writing and comprehending what the author is communicating to their audience.  Sight word recognition: The ability to recognize sight words involves instantly identifying a word by visually processing the arrangement of its letters. This process requires minimal cognitive effort, as the meaning of the word is quickly understood upon viewing it. For instance, when you encounter the word "cat," it triggers an immediate

association with a small, adorable feline creature that often waits for you on your bed when you return home from school. Reading Foundational Skills Grade Level State Literacy Standard Summary of Key Skills Signs of Struggle to Apply Key Skills Action Step to Support Application of Key Skills Print Concepts In the kindergarten level of education (Reading Rocket, n.d.). Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts - Literacy, with a specific focus on Reading Foundations, encompassing kindergarten ( CCSS.ELA- Literacy.RF.K.1) and first grade (CCSS.ELA- Literacy.RF.1.1). (Smithsonian Learning Lab, nd) This involves understanding the directional sequence of reading, moving from left to right and top to bottom. It also encompasses recognizing that a combination of letters forms meaningful words, contributing to language and speech. If children are holding their books upside down or beginning from the back and flipping pages towards the front, it indicates a developmental stage where they might not yet grasp the conventional direction of reading. In this scenario, you'd engage with the student, guiding them to recognize that a book begins on the left side and progresses to the right. By reading the book with your finger tracing the words from left to right, you can illustrate that this design is intentional and the intended way to read the book. Phonological Awareness Kindergarten and First Grade CCSS.ELA- Literacy.RF.K.1d: (Heggerty, 2022). This entails understanding the individual sounds produced by each letter and recognizing the collective sound created when letters are combined. It also involves acknowledging that the same letter or letters can have distinct sounds Children may encounter challenges with associating letters with their corresponding sounds. If, for instance, a child has difficulty identifying the sound of the letter 't' when presented with it, they may require Several games are available to educate children about letter sounds. Furthermore, there are excellent programs designed to impart phonological awareness to students discreetly,

depending on their placement within a word. additional support and guidance. ensuring that a child's struggles are not apparent to their peers. Conducting small group lessons is also an effective approach for more targeted instruction. Phonics and Word Recognition Kindergarten to Third Grade According to the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, students in kindergarten are expected to recognize and read commonly used high-frequency words effortlessly, such as "the," "of," "to," "you," "she," "my," "is," "are," "do," and "does" (CCSS.ELA- Literacy.RF.K.3c). (Smithsonian Learning Lab, nd) This involves the ability to instantly recognize a word upon sight, without the need to sound it out or analyze its components. It's the skill of looking at a word, like "S H E," and immediately knowing that it forms the word "she." Students struggle to identify common words frequently used in sentences, like "the" or "me," among others. Engaging in activities like the beach ball game or using Lego building blocks with letters helps construct common sight words. This enjoyable exercise can be implemented with the entire group or, in the case of a smaller setting, the child can be taken out of the room to collaborate with a reading resource teacher. Decoding Kindergarten through Third Grade. CCSS.ELA- Literacy.RF.K.3a Display foundational understanding of letter-sound connections through the ability to articulate the primary or most prevalent sounds The skill involves dissecting a word into its components and having the ability to sound it out for both accurate spelling and pronunciation. Students lack the ability to articulate the sounds of the individual components within the word "unbreakable," such as "un," "break," and "able." They struggle to break down this word and Several effective programs facilitate individual or small-group activities, guiding students in exploring various components of words and helping them

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associated with each consonant. (Common Core, nd) identify the distinct sounds of each section, impeding their reading skills. break down unfamiliar words into sections they may already be familiar with. Reflection: In no more than 250 words, address the following:  Discuss how foundational skills such as phonological awareness, phonics, word recognition, and print concepts and describe how these components work together to support and increase reading fluency . In the vast realm of reading, one must possess knowledge of letters, their corresponding sounds, and a foundational skill in sounding out words. This essential foundation enables a child to recognize words and comprehend their meanings. The various components of reading seamlessly interconnect, akin to a flowing river converging into the ocean. Without a grasp of letters, progress is hindered; the ability to sound out words remains elusive, preventing the attainment of word recognition. Print concepts, too, may elude understanding. The incapacity to read becomes a significant challenge, complicating one's ability to navigate the world effectively.  Discuss the long-term consequences of poor reading instruction by identifying three specific challenges middle and high school students can face if they do not master foundational reading skills in Grades K-3. A child who doesn't acquire reading skills at a young age may eventually learn to read, but the journey becomes a challenging and prolonged endeavor throughout middle and high school. In contemporary society, the absence of reading proficiency makes normal functioning nearly impossible. Without adequate reading skills, tasks like test-taking and completing high school become formidable obstacles. Individuals who struggle with reading often face the risk of dropping out of school due to their inability to achieve success. This sense of failure can lead to various issues, including depression, truancy, legal troubles, and eventual dropout. Consequently, individuals often contend with a lifelong struggle to secure a fulfilling job that can support themselves and their families. References: Cite at least one scholarly resource that supports the chart content. Heggerty. (2022). National & State Standards Alignment. Heggerty.org . Retrieved on December 2, 2023 from https://heggerty.org/downloads/#resource-categories-2

Reading Rockets. (n.d.) Concepts of Print Assessment. Reading Rockets . Retrieved on December 2, 2023 from Concepts of Print Assessment | Reading Rockets Smithsonian Learning Lab. (n.d.). Standards. Smithsonian Learning Lab . Retrieved on December 2, 2023 from Standards::Print Concepts (si.edu) The Common Core Standards (n.d.). English Language Arts Standards Reading: Foundational Skills Kindergarten. Retrieved on December 2, 2023 from https://www.thecorestandards.org/ELA- Literacy/RF/K/

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