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NEW TEMPLATE: INTRO TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB Pre-lab Questions Procedure and Safety 1.
(10 pts) Write a bulletpoint list outline of the procedure. This is an example from a different experiment. Note that you don’t need EVERY detail. Distillation Procedure Summary •
Set up chilled water supply and attach to condenser •
Turn on chilled water and check condenser for leaks •
Add 15 mL of binary mixture and stirbar to 25 mL rbf •
Set up distillation apparatus and have TA check •
Insulate rbf and column with glass wool •
Have two more flasks ready for collecting fractions •
Turn regulator on and heat so gently boiling (don't forget to stir) •
Collect the first fraction as long as the temp remains constant (record temp) •
Change to second receiving flask when temp changes •
Increase heat •
Change to third receiving flask when temp is constant again (record temp) •
STOP WHEN 2-3 mL left in rbf! •
Turn heat off •
Take IR of 1
st
and 3
rd
fraction •
Put waste in waste container, clean up, plug in iPad and put crayon in holder Write your procedure bullet point list here: 2.
(4 pts) Write a brief summary of the key safety concerns specific for this experiment. (Hint: look at the Safety for this Experment section in the Safety and Procedure document that you download from the experiment page on Canvas. Remember not to cut and paste.)
Part 1: Solubility 3.
(40 pts total, 5 pts ea) In the provided space in the lab report template, draw the bond-line structure of each of the solid compounds and solvents you will use today. Watch How to Draw Bond Line Structures
before attempting this question. Bondline Structures and Polarity Name Lewis Structure Bond-line Structure Polar (P) or Nonpolar (N)
Solids benzoic Acid
2 N naphthalene N
2-naphthol p
Solvents (liquids) hexane N
dichloromethane n
ethyl acetate
3 n ethanol p 4.
(28 pts, 2 pts ea label, 2 pts ea circle) Examine the structure of each and decide whether each solid is polar or nonpolar. Indicate in the provided column in the table above. Do the same for solvents. Circle the atoms in each polar solid or solvent which cause the compound to be polar. Watch Ionic, Polar Covalent and Non-Polar Covalent Bonding in Organic Chemistry
before attempting this question. At 4:17, Leah begins explaining how to tell if a covalent compound is polar or nonpolar. 5.
(24 pts, 2 pts ea) Based on the information you provided in the above questions and the guideline you learned from general chemistry which states “Like dissolves like”
(i.e polar solvents dissolve polar compounds and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar compunds), predict which solids will dissolve in which solvents. Fill in the following table with your predictions. Solubility Predictions Fill in S for soluble and I for insoluble Hexane Dichloromethane Ethyl acetate Ethanol Benzoic acid s s s i Naphthalene s s s i 2-Naphthol i i i s Part 2: Melting Points
6.
(24 pts, 2 pts ea IMF, 2 pts each ranking) For each solid
compound, determine what kind of intermolecular forces are happening between molecules of each compound based on the structure of the compound. Add these to the table below. Based on the types of intermolecular forces, predict which solid has the highest, middle, and lowest melting points and fill in the table. Melting Point Predictions Type of IMF(s) Melting Point Ranking Benzoic acid Heat energy? Highest Naphthalene Heat energy? Middle 2-Naphthol Heat energy? lowest
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4 Data and Observations Part 1 (60 pts, 5 pts ea) Solubility Observations Fill in S for soluble, I for insoluble, and SS for slightly soluble Hexane Dichloromethane Ethyl acetate Ethanol Benzoic acid i s s s Naphthalene 0.187g SS S S I 2-Naphthol Part 2
(15 pts, 5 pts ea) Melting Point Observations Melting Point (
o
C) Benzoic acid 114 Naphthalene 95 2-Naphthol Analysis and Application Questions Analysis 1.
In order to answer this question, compare your predicted solubility from pre-lab questions with the class observations for solubility for Part 1 of the experiment. a.
(20 pts) Based on your incorrect predictions, did any of the solids or solvents behave differently than you expected? If so, list the solvent and solid as well as the unexpected result. No I predicted correctly. b.
(20 pts) If you had an unexpected result, it is probably due to polarizabilty. (Watch this short video for a brief animation about polarizability.) Given that a larger molecule is often more polarizable that a smaller molecule with similar polarity
, explain briefly why naphthalene dissolves more easily in ethyl acetate than dichloromethane. Napthalene is a larger molecule therefore it dissolves easier. 2.
Compare your predicted ranking of melting points for the solids from the pre-lab question with the observed melting points. a.
(20 pts) Based on the structure and types of intermolecular forces, one might predict that benzoic acid has a significantly higher melting point than 2-naphthol, but it does not. What is different about the structures of benzoic acid and 2-naphthol that could
explain the similar melting points? 2-Napthol is a polar molecule and those require more heat energy to change. Application 3.
(20 pts) Petrolatum is an organic compound composed of a mixture of alkanes (organic compounds only containing carbons, hydrogens, and single bonds) obtained from petroleum. It is often added to skin care products since it softens near body temperature forms a protective barrier that prevents moisture loss. If a new skin care product does not soften on application as expected, what suggestion would you give to decrease the melting point of the product based on petrolatum composition? In other words, how
5 might you change the size of the alkane molecules used in the petrolatum to make it melt at a lower temperature? Make the mixture of alkanes less polar. 4.
(15 pts, 5 pts solvent choice, 10 pts explanation) Polystyrene is a plastic composed of repeating units of styrene. Its structure is shown below. Polystyrene is one of the major products of the petrochemical industry. In order to synthesize polystyrene from styrene, a solvent that dissolves styrene is needed. Based on your observations
during this experiment, suggest a solvent. Remember to consider polarizability AND like dissolves like. Briefly explain your choice. Stryrene is a polar molecule so to dissolve it, we would need a polar solvent, such as ethenol. However, Styrene is more polarizable than ethenol because it is a smaller molecule.
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Related Questions
5. EXTRACTION
To 1 ml. of bromine water in a test tube add .5ml chloroform or carbon tetrachloride. Note
the color of the liquid layers.
Which layer is more colored?
What do you call such liquids which do not form a homogenous mixture?
Can you possibly make them homogenous?
How?
Transfer the mixture into a separatory funnel and add 2 ml. more of bromine water and
add 1 ml. more of chloroform of carbon tetrachlorides then shake to effect proper mixing. Let
out the lower layer through the stem of the funnel. Again add another 2 ml. to chloroform or
carbon tetrachloride to the aqueous solution in the funnel and shake as before.
How does the color of the chloroform or carbon tetrachloride layer compare with the first
extract?
How
do
you
explain
the
difference?
Is it possible that after several extractions the chloroform layer will become colorless?
Why?
arrow_forward
You wash a separatory funnel with soap and water to ensure it is clean before extracting an aqueous solution with
dicholormethane. You should take the time to make sure there are no drops of water left inside the separatory funnel.
Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer.
a
True
False
arrow_forward
>
1
arrow_forward
I need help on questions 2-4?
arrow_forward
Procedure it attached below, but question is in the screenshot.
Part A: Solution Preparation
Work in pairs. Wear safety goggles and an apron.
Connect the temperature probe to Channel 1 of the LabQuest2. The vertical axis has temperature scaled from 0 to 50°C. To set the horizontal axis (time) to 0 to 1000 seconds, go to the menu and change the Duration to 1000 seconds.
Wear gloves for this step only, 2.5 M acid can cause burns. When diluting concentrated acid, pour acid into water, slowly with stirring; never the reverse. HAVE A DILUTION PLAN BEFORE COMING TO LAB. (Use the concentration values and volume below in the dilution equation to find the volume of stock solution needed to create the dilute solution.) Using only volumetric glassware, prepare 250.00 mL of approximately 1.0 M HCl solution from the stock HCl solution in the hood (approximately 2.5 M). The exact concentration for the stock solution must be recorded from the bottle’s label and the exact concentration for…
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Please answer the following question about a lab experiment about synthesizing aspirin. The procedure for this experiment is included in the photos.
What characterization could you do in a future lab to show you no longer have salicylic acid?
arrow_forward
Hello, I need help on questions 5 and 6? if you can answer all of them? I gave you a data table and questions you can go ahead with. The mass of NaCI is 12 grams
arrow_forward
Please help do the brown sugar and white sugar separately
arrow_forward
4. Often we will ask that you scale your procedure up or down, meaning we will change
the amounts of material we will use. The following is a procedure as written in an
organic lab experiment. Write the procedure out as if you were asked to scale up by a
factor of 2. Make any necessary changes to equipment sizes, reaction times, etc.
Remember that you should never heat a reaction vessel that is more than ½ full.
"In a 50 mL round-bottom flask place 2 grams of compound X and 15 mL of
benzene. Reflux the reaction for 30 minutes. After the reaction has cooled, add
10 mL of ice-cold water. Collect the product by vacuum filtration and wash it
with two 10 mL portions of ice-cold water."
arrow_forward
What is a good way to test for losses during your procedure?
Change all parameters during the procedure to see if more product is recovered
Try a different procedure to see if the same amount of analyte is recovered
Run procedure with known amount of analyte to see how much is recovered
Run procedure for an unrelated analyte
Run procedure with 3 analytes simultaneously
arrow_forward
Pls answer 2,3 & 4
arrow_forward
please skip this if you have already answered. I will upvote if it is correct and complete. thank you
arrow_forward
I need help with my homework
arrow_forward
PART 3- LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT NAME
FUNCTION
To hold test tubes.
Attaches to a retort stand to support glassware being heated.
To pour liquid from a large container into a small container.
To provide a flame during an experiment.
ones
To light the Bunsen burner.
To attach test tubes to a retort stand.
To clean substances out of a test tube.
To hold a hot crucible or flask.
To hold a hot test tube.
To place on the lab bench to prevent burning or to use with ring clamp.
To transfer small amounts of liquid.
To grow bacteria or contain small experiments.
To hold liquids.
To measure liquids.
To contain experiments (a stopper can be used to close the flask).
To hold a hot beaker.
To perform an experiment with a different substance in each well.
To hold chemicals and perform experiments in.
To scoop and transfer small amounts of substances,
To stir during experiments that involve mixing or dissolving.
arrow_forward
Review | Constants I Peri The melting point of dibromomethane is -53°C and its boiling point is 97° C. Sketch a heating curve for dibromomethane from -100°C to 120°C.
arrow_forward
. Be sure to understand what the dilutionfactor is for each sample (dilution factor = the number used to determine the actualconcentration of the stock UK after the diluted samples are analyzed) ?
arrow_forward
1 and 2 answers?
arrow_forward
Use the dropdown menus to indicate whether a solvent pair could be used successfully in a mixed-solvent recrystallization.
a-hexanes and water [ Select successful or unsuccessful ]
b-chloroform and diethyl ether [ Select successful or unsuccessful ]
c-acetone and methanol [ Select successful or unsuccessful ]
arrow_forward
Need help answering these three questions
arrow_forward
Part D
One of these liquids is used as a "blowing agent" in the manufacture of polystyrene foam because it is so volatile. Which liquid would you expect to be used as a
blowing agent?
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.
Reset
Help
Pentane
is used as the "blowing agent" because it has a
boiling point and is
Ethylene glycol
volatile
low
high
Submit
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read the Procedure and answer the post lab questions below:
Using a balance, mass between 1.50 – 2.00 grams of sodium carbonate in a pre-massed 150mL beaker.
Add 20 mL of distilled water and stir thoroughly to make sure all the crystals are dissolved. Rinse the stirring rod with a little distilled water after stirring.
Using a balance, mass between 1.50 – 2.00 grams of calcium chloride dihydrate in a pre-massed 50 mL beaker.
Repeat Step 2 for the solution in the 50 mL beaker.
Pour the calcium chloride solution into the 150mL beaker containing the sodium carbonate solution and stir.
Mass a piece of filter paper. Fold the filter paper and place it into the funnel. Wet it with a little distilled water to ensure that it is stuck to the sides of the funnel.
Slowly pour the mixture from the beaker into the funnel and collect the filtrate into a 125mL erlenmeyer flask. Do not allow the mixture to rise above the edge of the filter paper.
Rinse the beaker with about 10 mL of distilled water.…
arrow_forward
read the Procedure and answer the post lab questions below:
Using a balance, mass between 1.50 – 2.00 grams of sodium carbonate in a pre-massed 150mL beaker.
Add 20 mL of distilled water and stir thoroughly to make sure all the crystals are dissolved. Rinse the stirring rod with a little distilled water after stirring.
Using a balance, mass between 1.50 – 2.00 grams of calcium chloride dihydrate in a pre-massed 50 mL beaker.
Repeat Step 2 for the solution in the 50 mL beaker.
Pour the calcium chloride solution into the 150mL beaker containing the sodium carbonate solution and stir.
Mass a piece of filter paper. Fold the filter paper and place it into the funnel. Wet it with a little distilled water to ensure that it is stuck to the sides of the funnel.
Slowly pour the mixture from the beaker into the funnel and collect the filtrate into a 125mL erlenmeyer flask. Do not allow the mixture to rise above the edge of the filter paper.
Rinse the beaker with about 10 mL of distilled water.…
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Q3. Give four factors that determine the suitability of drying agent in drying organic
liquids
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please help with all answers, attached as 2 screenshots.
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