Orgo 2 Post Lab 10
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Running head: THE CROSSED ALDOL CONDENSATION
1
Reaction of the 3,4 Dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 1- Indanone to explore “Crossed” Aldol
Condensation Anjenelle Fernandez, Steve Smith, Ayushi Vyawhare
University of South Florida
CHM 2211L: Organic Chemistry II Lab
Isaiah Nelson
2
Reaction of the 3,4 Dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 1- Indanone to explore “Crossed” Aldol
Condensation The aldol condensation reaction is an alternative to the Wittig reaction to form carbonyls into alkenes (Wildegirma, 2023). There are two kinds of aldol condensation, self-aldol condensation and crossed aldol condensation. The self-aldol condensation is one in which the molecule couples with the same kind of molecule (Wildegirm). The crossed aldol condensation requires one carbonyl is enolized, in this experiment the 1-indanone, and the other is non-
enolizable, in this experiment the 3,4- dimethoxybenzaldehyde (Farmer & Reusch, 2020). This experiment uses a mixed- aldol condensation reaction as one of the reactants, as an aldehyde and ketone are reacting with each other within NaOH as a base. The crossed aldol reaction occurs at room temperature and requires a base to form the solid product (Wildegirma, 2023). This utilizes
the principles of green chemistry as it uses no solvent, has a high atom economy, releases minimal waste, and does not use environmentally harmful materials (Wildegirma, 2023).
3
Figure 1: Detailed mechanism for the formation of 2-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-1-indanone
Figure 2: Possible side reaction
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4
Experiment
Procedures
10 mL Round bottom Vial
+ 250 mg 3,4-dimethoxybenzylaldehyde
+200 mg 1-Indanone
+crush with glass rod until oil is formed
+reaction takes place without solvent
+ 50 mg finely ground NaOH
+continue grinding until solid
+ let stand for 15 minutes
+acidify with 2 mL 10% Cl and check pH
+isolate produce with vacuum filtration
+wash with cold water
Crude product
+ obtain mass
+ calculate % yield
+ determine melting point
+ run IR
+run 1H NMR
Melted Reaction mixture
+ dissolve with 30 mL 90% EtOH
+ heat
+ cool to room temperature
+ place in ice bath
+ collect crystals by vacuum filtration
+ wash with cold 90% EtOH
+ vacuum filter crystals
Desired product
Analysis
5
Chemicals
3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Formula: C
9
H
10
O
3
Molar mass: 166.176 g/mol
Melting point: 40-43°C
Boiling point: 285°C IUPAC: 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
Hazards:
Irritant if swallowed
1-Indanone
Formula: C
9
H
8
O
Molar mass: 132.162 g/mol
Melting point: 38-42°C
Boiling point: 243-245 °C
IUPAC: 2,3-dihydroinden-1-one
Hazards:
Irritant to skin, eyes, and respiratory tract
6
2-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-1-
indanone
Formula: C
22
H
16
Molar mass: 280.3 g/mol
Melting point: 178-181°C
IUPAC: (2E)-2-[(3,4-
dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-3H-
inden-1-one
Hazards:
Orally toxic
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7
Results
Melting point of desired product: 109°C
Mass of crude product: 0.6 g
Mass of desired product: 0.16g Percent Yield:
0.25 g x (1 mol/ 166.17 g) x (1 mol product/ 1 mol) x (1 mol/ 280.318g) = 0.4217g (0.16g)/(0.4217g) x 100 = 37.94%
8
9
Figure 3: 1
H NMR Graph
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Figure 4: IR Graph
Discussion
The melting point values for the desired product was significantly different from the literature value. This may be due to the product not being properly dry when the melting point is measured. The percent yield is lower than 50% and this is likely due to large amounts of product loss within the acidifying process due to spilling and large amounts of solid being stuck to the bottom of the vial. The IR spectrum shows alkene group peaks slightly above 3000, the sharp peak around 3000 is also representative of the benzene ring, an ether peak around 1250, and a small carbonyl peak around the 1700 mark. The NMR shows the strong peak at 4 ppm, 1.8 ppm, and several small peaks between 7-8ppm. The peak between 4 ppm represents the protons attached to the methyl groups attached to the oxygens. The protons on the benzene rings are the
11
small peaks between 7-8 ppm. There is no peak at 10 ppm indicating that the reactant was formed into the desired product. Conclusion
In conclusion the desired product was formed in the reaction , thus the data does connect to theory. Despite the relatively low yield, the 1H NMR and IR show that the desired product was formed. The IR spectroscopy can be used to identify functional groups within the molecule and the 1H NMR can be used to identify the connectivity within the molecule. The techniques in this experiment can be used to form other aldol products with other carbonyl compounds. This type of crossed aldol product forms α, β- unsaturated carbonyls.
12
References
Farmer, S., & Reusch, E. W. (2020, July 14). 18.6: Crossed aldol condensation
. Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Map
%3A_Organic_Chemistry_(Vollhardt_and_Schore)/
18%3A_Enols_Enolates_and_the_Aldol_Condensation%3A_ab-
Unsaturated_Aldehydes_and_Ketones/18.06%3A_Crossed__Aldol__Condensation National Center for Biotechnology Information (2023). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6735, 1-Indanone. Retrieved August 3, 2023 from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1-Indanone
.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2023). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5351391, 2-(3,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-1-indanone. Retrieved August 3, 2023 from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-_3_4-Dimethoxybenzylidene_-1-
indanone
.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2023). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 8419, 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Retrieved August 3, 2023 from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3_4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde
.
Weldegirma,S. (2023).
Experimental organic chemistry laboratory manual: CHM 22110L and CHM2211L
. University of South Florida.
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