GCP Green Chemistry

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Running head: GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 1 Global Citizen Project: Green Chemistry Anjenelle Fernandez University of South Florida CHM 2211L: Organic Chemistry II Lab

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 2 Global Citizen Project: Green Chemistry The field of chemistry is constantly evolving, and new research has allowed for methodologies and materials for different reactions and techniques to be improved upon over the years. Chemistry and its relationship with the environment have been a topic of research as the interest of minimizing environmental harm has been a major focus. Specifically, organic chemistry has a significant impact on the environment. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds, many that have direct impact on the environment and living organisms (Zhussupova & Zhussupova, 2015). Organic chemicals are highly utilized in a wide variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture and plastics (Zhussupova & Zhussupova, 2015). However, one issue with this is some compounds can be harmful to the environment such as certain solvents or chemicals that can be improperly disposed of and pollute the waterways (Zhussupova & Zhussupova, 2015). Chemistry also involves a certain degree of hazard. Hazards include accidents, spills, and release of dangerous chemicals into the environment (Zhussupova & Zhussupova, 2015). This can have severe consequences for local ecosystems and the greater human populations. An emphasis on proper care, such as handling, storage, and waste management, are critical to minimize the harm on the environment and prevent accidents. Pollution is a major environmental concern as it can come from improper waste disposal and various industrial processes (Manahan, 2021). Different pollutants can contaminate air, water, and soil. Many industries and governments are working together to implement different regulatory measures as means to reduce the release of these chemicals into the environment. Green chemistry is a subfield within chemistry that prioritizes designing chemical processes and products to be more environmentally friendly through the reduction of waste,

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 3 conservation of resources, and minimizing the use of hazardous substances. Green chemistry aims to promote more sustainable practices across a variety of industries and find and implement greener alternatives to common chemical processes that have negative environmental impact. Tools of Green Chemistry There are twelve principles of green chemistry that were defined by Paul Anastas and John Warner in 1998 that summarize the primary methods for the development of green chemistry. The first principle states that is it better to prevent the formation of waste rather than clean waste after it has already been formed (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This is true as taking the proactive measures to avoid the formation of any waste, it saves many people time and money. The second principle of green chemistry states that “synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product” ( Anastas & Warner, 1998). This means that when designing the formation of a product, one should create and utilize the process that allows for the starting materials to be used in the formation of the final product. The third principle of green chemistry states that “wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This is one the primary benefits and goals of green chemistry which is that it must minimize or create no hazardous materials. The fourth principle states that “chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This principle highlights the idea that under green chemistry ideals it is prioritized that a product must be of similar quality as one that is made without following the principles of green chemistry simply with less generation of toxic materials. The fifth principle of green chemistry states that “the use

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GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 4 of auxiliary substances should be made unnecessary whenever possible and when used, innocuous (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This means that substances such as primers and separators should not be used unless absolutely necessary with no alternative, and when used, not create a toxic product. The sixth principle of green chemistry states that energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at “ambient temperature and pressure” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This means that the conditions under which a reaction occurs are also taken into consideration under green chemistry. Ideally, reactions are conducted at a temperature and pressure that is easily achievable within the lab setting in a manner that does not require significantly large amounts of energy input. The seventh principle of green chemistry states that a “raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This principle highlights the simplistic aspect of green chemistry that focuses on using materials that are easy to obtain and are not nonrenewable resources however it acknowledges that this is not always possible and emphasizes that it should be both fiscally and physically feasible. The eighth principle of green chemistry states that “unnecessary derivatization should be avoided whenever possible” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This means that using temporary modifications of a physical or chemical process should be avoided unless it is vital to the reaction. The ninth principle of green chemistry states that “catalytic reagents are superior to stoichiometric reagents” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This relates to the concept of generating less waste as stoichiometric reagents do not target specific modules, generating more waste. Contrasting this, catalytic reagents are more efficient through being used in smaller amounts to generate product and since they are selective, they do not produce the waste and do not get consumed in the process. The tenth principle of green

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 5 chemistry states that “chemical products would be designed so that the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and instead break down into innocuous degradation products” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This relates to the concept of green chemistry that pertains to environmental protection. This means that the products created within reactions should be designed so that after they have served their purpose, they can return to the environment without causing any damage or permanent consequences. The eleventh principles of green chemistry states that “analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time in- process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This means that before any harmful substances are created, it is important to incorporate means of observing if and how a material can be hazardous before it is formed in order to prevent potentially harmful effects prior to their occurrence. In addition to this, real-time monitoring can provide a way for chemists to detect and react to potential hazards within early stages of a reaction. However, technologies like this do not exist or are not fully developed and more research needs to be done on the subject (Ivanković et al., 2017). The twelfth principle of green chemistry states that “substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires” (Anastas & Warner, 1998). This supports two benefits of green chemistry: minimizing waste and health and safety. Simply, this principle is to use the reactants is the most efficient and proper techniques possible and to prioritize the safety of the chemists within the production process. Strategy The general strategy of green chemistry has four main strategies. The first strategy of green chemistry is prevention ( Zimmerman et al., 2020) . This highlights the aspect of green

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 6 chemistry that starts from the beginning of the design process. It involves avoiding or minimizing the use and production of any hazardous substances. Through choosing specific means that do not require toxic substances and efficient processes that generate minimal waste and minimal harmful byproducts. The second strategy is the emphasis on high atom economy. This step includes designing reactions that are highly efficient and idealize using all atoms within the reactants and minimize the production of unwanted byproduct t(Zimmerman et al., 2020). This causes a reduced amount of unwanted waste to be produced and maximizes the utility of reagents. The third strategy is the use of safer and less toxic chemicals. Green chemistry highlights the use of innovation within synthesis methods that use mild reagent conditions, such as moderate temperature and pH, and reagents that are not environmentally harmful. This step emphasizes the elimination or reduction of any hazardous substance in any and all chemical processes, thus having safer syntheses. The fourth strategy of green chemistry is using safer chemicals whenever possible ((Zimmerman et al., 2020). This strategy acknowledges that some synthesis may require a certain degree of hazardous materials use. As opposed to not performing these reactions at all, this strategy states that whenever there is a safer option, it should be utilized. Substances can be relatively less flammable, less toxic, and have a reduced risk of negative environmental impact from other chemicals and those that are relatively least harmful should be used in place of more harmful ones whenever possible. Alternative Reagents Within chemical reactions, a reagent is a substance that is used to detect, measure, examine, or product another substance or substances (Dutta et al., 2022). Reagents are vital to chemical reactions as they often are major components of the reaction and assist in the transformation of reactants to products. Reagents may be consumed or remain the same within

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GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 7 reactions and the choice of which reagents are used in a reaction can significantly affect a reaction efficiency, selectivity, and impact on the environment. Certain reagents are notoriously unsafe for reactions and have been shown to cause significant negative impacts on health and the environment. Many are carcinogenic, toxic, or highly reactive. Some examples include chromium (VI), mercury(II) chloride, lead compounds, chlorofluorocarbons, and very strong acids (Manahan, 2021). Alternatives to these under green chemistry include hydrogen peroxide, water, sodium carbonate, sodium hypochlorite, ionic liquids, and many others (Manahan, 2021). Both hydrogen peroxide and chromates are common oxidizing agents however hydrogen peroxide is significantly greener and less harsh than chromates. Chlorofluorocarbons are used in manufacturing of refrigerants, aerosols, and foams as a solvent but is carcinogenic and has been found to contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer (Huang, 2022). Water is another solvent common solvent however it is significantly less harmful than chlorofluorocarbons and contributes to the reaction being greener, overall. Nontraditional reagents are reagents in which their use is not conventionally apart of traditional reactions. Ionic liquids are an example of nontraditional reagents that are used at low temperatures and work as solvents in chemical reactions (Holbrey & Seddon, 1999). Supercritical carbon dioxide is another nontraditional solvent that is low in toxicity thus being a good alternative to traditional organic solvents that may cause more harm to the environment (Manahan, 2021). Both these reagents are popular within green chemistry as they are easy to implement into a variety of reactions and can easily contribute to a reaction being greener. Reaction Design and Efficiency As previously mentioned, green chemistry focuses on reducing hazard within the design phase of experiments and syntheses. Reaction design for green chemistry includes planning for

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 8 optimization for chemical yields. Chemical yield is the measure of the efficient use of reactant and measures the amount of reactant that contributes to the desired product compared to waste product. Proper reaction design chooses reagents that maximize the amount of desired product synthesized in the reaction. Another aspect of reaction design that green chemistry focuses on is atom economy (Manahan, 2021). Atom economy, as stated earlier, assessed the efficiency of a reaction by measuring the atoms in a starting reactant that are a part of the final product. High atom economy can be planned for within the design phase by choosing effective reactants that minimize the number of atoms that are not a part of the desired final product. One method that can help achieve this goal is using recyclable products that can be recovered and reused after reactions. This allows for reduced waste production and resource conservation and is a major way a reaction can be greener. Examples of these alternative pathways in synthesis reactions are using solvent free reactions and metal free catalysis (Dutta et al., 2022). Solvent-free reactions are reactions that occur without or use minimal solvent and thus reduce the waste of solvent and avoid using hazardous solvents. Metal-free catalysis is the use of metal free catalysts, such as Lewis acid-base pairs and organic catalysts, to use reactions with low environmental impact. Using these alternative pathways allows for more yields and reduced waste generation, thus easily allowing for reactions to be more green during the design phase of reactions. Conclusion There are some limitations to green chemistry. Despite its clear benefit for the health of the global population and environment, one limitation of green chemistry is it has an impact on a reaction’s performance. For example, using safer reagents can cause lower yields, require more energy, or increase the time a reaction takes. In addition to this, another limitation for green chemistry is finding ways to implement green chemistry on an industrial scale. This includes

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 9 issues with using reactions for manufacturing processes and maintaining the efficiency and economic reasonableness on such a large scale. Industries also face issues with regulations and safety standards as well as the traditional methods used within different respective industries that would cause implementing new green chemistry techniques to be difficult and expensive. There is also a lack of awareness of green chemistry that is caused by the high cost for research, development, and implementation thus making it more difficult for manufacturers to be incentivized to utilize green chemistry techniques. In conclusion, the future for green chemistry is bright as the newer techniques and strategies offer many health, environmental, and economic benefits. In a variety of fields, especially chemistry, there is a major shift towards the prioritization of sustainability and environmental safety. Increased education and awareness for green chemistry on all levels will contribute to the industrial integration of chemistry and further research into continuous innovation for green chemistry, and sustainable practices as a whole.

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GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 10 References Anastas, P., & Eghbali, N. (2009). Green Chemistry: Principles and practice. Chem. Soc. Rev. , 39 (1), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1039/b918763b Anastas, P. T., & Warner, J. C. (1998). Principles of green chemistry. Green chemistry: Theory and practice , 29 . Casti, F., Basoccu, F., Mocci, R., De Luca, L., Porcheddu, A., & Cuccu, F. (2022). Appealing renewable materials in green chemistry. Molecules , 27 (6), 1988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061988 Dutta, P., McGranaghan, A., Keller, I., Patil, Y., Mulholland, N., Murudi, V., Prescher, H., Smith, A., Carson, N., Martin, C., Cox, P., Stierli, D., Boussemghoune, M., Barreteau, F., Cassayre, J., & Godineau, E. (2022). A case study in Green Chemistry: The reduction of hazardous solvents in an industrial R&D environment. Green Chemistry , 24 (10), 3943– 3956. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2gc00698g Huang, Z. (2022). The Effects of Chlorofluorocarbons on Environment. Archives in Chemical Research , 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.21767/2572-4657.6.1.03 Holbrey, J. D., & Seddon, K. R. (1999). Ionic liquids. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy , 1 (4), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100980050036 Ivanković, A., Dronjić, A., Bevanda, A. M., & Talić, S. (2017). Review of 12 principles of green chemistry in practice. International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy , 6 (3), 39-48.

GLOBAL CITIZEN PROJECT 11 Manahan, S. E. (2021, March 24). 13.15: Feedstocks and reagents . Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_ the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/ 13%3A_The_Anthrosphere_Industrial_Ecology_and_Green_Chemistry/ 13.15%3A_Feedstocks_and_Reagents Zimmerman, J. B., Anastas, P. T., Erythropel, H. C., & Leitner, W. (2020). Designing for a green chemistry future. Science , 367 (6476), 397-400. Manahan, S. E. (2021, March 24). 13.15: Feedstocks and reagents . Chemistry LibreTexts. https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Environmental_Chemistry/Green_Chemistry_and_ the_Ten_Commandments_of_Sustainability_(Manahan)/ 13%3A_The_Anthrosphere_Industrial_Ecology_and_Green_Chemistry/ 13.15%3A_Feedstocks_and_Reagents