Lab 2 copy

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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Dara Kiley Lorena Huminic Naomi Morais-Nukumizu Ava Verreault Lab 2a: Questions 1. What is the “analyte” in the experiment that you performed? An analyte is a substance whose chemical constituents are being identified and measured. In the experiment, we measured the KPH mass and the NaOH volume used. We believe the analyte is the KPH since he is the substance that we want to find out the concentration. 1 2. It is often said that one needs to use standards with high molar mass to reduce errors in mass measurements. Explain this statement. You are allowed to give numerical examples. It’s better to use standards with a high molar mass because when you need to measure a constant number of moles of a substance, the higher the molar mass of that substance, the more substantial the mass you'll need to weigh. This increased mass will result in a reduced percentage of weighing error. The error of the electronic balance is +/- 0.01g. For example, if we needed to weigh 0.01 moles of a substance with a molar mass of 500 g/mol, the percent error would be = (+/-0.01/5.00) × 100% = +/-0.200%. However, if we needed to weigh 0.01 moles of a substance with a molar mass of 50 g/mol, the percent error would be = (+/-0.01/0.500) × 100% = +/-2.00%. This demonstrates that by taking a substance with a higher molar mass we reduce the percent error. 3. Is the percent deviation an indicator of precision or accuracy? Why? Percentage deviation is when your value is close to the true value (theoretical value) The percent deviation an indicator of accuracy because accuracy is how close a measurement is to its true value (theoretical value). Similarly, the percent deviation is a percentage of how close a measurement is to its true value. A low percent deviation indicates a high accuracy, and a high percent deviation indicates a low accuracy. 4. Is the standard deviation an indicator of precision or accuracy. Why? Standard deviation is an indicator of precision because precision is how close measurements of the same substance are to one another. Similarly, the standard deviation measures how dispersed a set of values are. A low standard deviation indicates a high precision, and a high standard deviation indicates a low precision. 5. Comment on the accuracy and precision of your results based on the concentration of the NaOH solution you obtained. Naomi: The average concentration of NaOH that I obtained from my 4 trials was 7.84E -2 M which is close to the given concentration of NaOH, 8.02E -2 M. Since my experimental value is close to the theoretical value my % difference was 0.0229% which is small and indicates that my results were accurate. Additonally, I obtained a standard deviation of 0.00214 mL which is small and indicates that my results or precise are in other words close in value to each other.
Ava: The average concentration of NaOH that I obtained from my 4 trials was 7.68E -2 M which is isn’t far off from the given concentration of NaOH, 8.02E -2 M. Since my experimental value was close to the theoretical value my % difference was 0.0421% which is small enough and indicates that my results were accurate. Additonally, I obtained a standard deviation of 0.00290mL which is small and indicates that my results are precise or in other words close in value to each other. Dara: The average concentration of NaOH that I obtained from my 4 trials was 7.94E -2 M which is quite close to the given concentration of NaOH, 8.02E -2 M. Since my experimental value is close to the theoretical value my % difference was 0.00940% which is very small and indicates that my results were highly accurate. Additonally, I obtained a standard deviation of 0.00148 mL which is very small and indicates that my results are very precise or in other words close in value to each other. Lorena: The average concentration of NaOH that I obtained from my 4 trials was 7.99E -2 M which is extremely close to the given concentration of NaOH, 8.02E -2 M. Since my experimental value is close to the theoretical value my % difference was only 0.00434% which is extremely small and indicates that my results were highly accurate. Additonally, I obtained a standard deviation of 0.000386 mL which is very small and indicates that my results are extremely precise or in other words close in value to each other. By comparing the % difference, the most accurate results were measured by Lorena, followed by Dara then Naomi and Ava had the least accurate results. We came to this conclusion by comparing who had the smallest % difference which indicates more accuracy. By comparing the standard deviation, that the most precise results were measured by Lorena, followed by Dara then Naomi and Ava had the least precise results. We came to this conclusion by comparing who had the smallest standard deviation which indicates more precision. 6. Other than having a high molar mass, what other requirements are important for a primary standard? Choose one other requirement and explain with an example why it is important . High stability is an important requirement for a primary standard. This is important because it means that a substance will not easily react when it is pure. It should not be hygroscopic, oxidized by air, nor affected by carbon dioxide. We want to use a stable substance such as potassium hydrogen phthalate for our results to be more accurate, avoiding flawed results induced by the environment. Bibliography: 1. Libretexts. (2022, August 30). Acid-base titrations . Chemistry libretexts. Https://chem.li - bretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/ General_Lab_Techniques/Titration/Acid-Base_Titrations 2. Helmenstine, A. (2021, May 10). What is a primary standard in chemistry? . Science Notes and Projects. https://sciencenotes.org/what-is-a-primary-standard-in-chemistry/
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