BIOS256 Lab Week1

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIOS256 OL, Week 1 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez OL Lab 1: Carbohydrates: The sugars that feed us Learning Objectives :  Understand the molecular structure of sugars and polysaccharides  Understand digestion and appreciate the complexity of the human body  Experiment with different foods and measure their impact on the blood sugar level Since carbohydrates are the preferred source of energy, these are an essential part of our diet. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of both soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. The insoluble part is known as fiber, which is mostly cellulose. In this simulation, you will learn how carbohydrates are digested and learn how different food types affect blood glucose levels in a virtual test subject. An in-lab molecule visualizer will help you to study the chemical structure of sugars and learn the basics of molecule structures and chemical formulas. You will perform a real experiment to understand the action of amylase on starch. Will you be able to use the data from the simulation to figure out how foods can affect blood sugar levels in the body? Part 1: Complete Labster- Carbohydrates: The sugars that feed us Part 2: Report and Reflection Purpose: Describe in your own words and in complete sentences, the purpose of this experiment. The objective of this study is to gain an understanding of how the human body metabolizes carbohydrates in relation to the molecules that are consumed and converted into glucose storage and utilization. Observations: List 2 observations you have made in this simulation. One observation I have made during this simulation is that blood sugar is made up of sugar molecules called carbohydrates. Your body converts these carbs into glucose. Glucose or blood sugar is the primary energy source for your body’s cells, tissues, and organs. Blood sugar levels should never fall below 4 million milligrams per day (mg/L). Even if there’s no food in your small intestine, your cells still need glucose to function. Another observation I have made is that consuming more carbs before a big race can give you extra energy, especially complex carbs. Eating beans, beans, and whole grains are great sources of complex carbs. Answer all the questions below:

BIOS256 OL, Week 1 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez 1. Why should complex carbohydrates be broken down? (1 point) The structure of complex carbohydrates is characterized by the presence of longer sugar molecules than that of simple carbohydrates. These longer-chain carbohydrates are converted into glucose by the body, which is then utilized for energy purposes. As a result, complex carbohydrates require a longer time to be broken down and provide a greater amount of long- term energy to the body compared to simple carbohydrates. 2. Where does the absorption of glucose occur in the GI tract? (1 point) Glucose absorption takes place primarily in the ileum and jejunum of the small intestine. 3. What are the anatomical features of the stomach that support digestion? (2 points) The stomach is composed of a series of ridges of muscular tissue known as Rugae. These Rugae line the stomach lining, along with acids and enzymes that the stomach produces. The Rugae contract regularly to aid in the digestive process. 4. List out 3 hormones that are secreted by the stomach, the target organ and the action. (6 points) Hormones Target organ Action Gastrin Stomach Stimulates the stomach to release gastric acid Secretin Pancreas Neutralizes the gastric H+ to \digest fat Cholecystokinin Gallbladder Regulates food intake, stimulates insulin secretion. 5. Reflection: Reflect on at least 2 key concepts you have learned from this simulation. How can you apply it to the physiological processes in the body? The first thing I learned in this simulation is that carbohydrates are sugar molecules. In the human body, they are broken down into glucose (blood sugar) which gives the body energy. The second thing I learned is that different types of food are broken down differently and affect the body’s normal blood sugar (glucose) levels. So, how do you apply this to your body process? If you’re planning to run a big race, it’s important to load your body with complex carbohydrates like peas, beans & whole grains for long-term energy. Grading Rubric:

BIOS256 OL, Week 1 Lab Name: Paola Rodriguez Activity Deliverable Points Part 1 Complete simulation 15 Part 2 Complete lab report and answer questions  Purpose (1 point)  Observation (2 points)  Questions (10 points)  Reflection (2 points) 15 Total Complete all lab activities 30

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