ans364 lactation and care of young

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Murdoch University *

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272

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Chemistry

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Jun 4, 2024

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ans364 lactation and care of young Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dan53v How do well-handled dairy animals respond "positively"? - easier to handle and milk, - have better milk 'let-down' - have higher milk yields - are easier to manage. - relaxed Dairy animals respond positively when they are: -fed a proper diet, - have access to clean water, - treated with kindness and respect. How do good dairy stockpeople achieve higher milk yields from their animals simply with good handling skills? - not entirely clear - the cows being treated well results in the cows enjoying coming into the milking parlour - positive experiences of cows in the parlour helps in stimulating good milk letdown therefor more efficient and complete milking - also due to earlier detection and remedial treatment of common problems such as mastitis. Good handling skills include: -providing them with a comfortable and clean living environment, - feeding them a nutritious diet - handling them with care and respect. - This helps to reduce stress and illness in the animals, -which can improve milk yield. Where do the bacteria which cause udder infection come from? 1. The hands and clothing of the milker 2. Infected animals 3. Contaminated udder cloths 4. Contaminated milking machine and teat cups 5. Faeces 6. Contaminated bedding 7. Dirty water 8. Flies -infection can lead to mastitis (painful inflammation of the udder tissue) What do the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli aid in? - play a crucial role in the function of the mammary gland - Under the action of oxytocin, they constrict the alveoli, "squeez- ing" the milk out of the lumen and milk ducts into the teat cistern - where it is available for passive removal either by the offspring or the milking machine, - i.e. the "milk let-down" process. - located between the secretory cells and the basement mem- brane of the mammary gland - also provide structural support - help maintain the integrity of the ductal system What are the 4 different types of mastitis and the infective agents? All types of infection of the udder in dairy animals 1. Coccal mastitis: - Caused mainly by streptococci and staphylococci organisms. - lead to lower milk production and treatment costs for farmers 2. Environmental mastitis: - Caused mainly by E. Coli organisms. - caused by bacteria that are found in the animal's surroundings, such as soil or bedding - can occur more often in cows that are kept in dirty or wet environments 3. Pseudomonas mastitis: - Caused by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa organism which is associated with stagnant water. - not very common but can be hard to treat and can cause lower 1 / 5

ans364 lactation and care of young Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dan53v milk production 4. Summer mastitis: Caused by the Corynebacterium pyogenes organism. - happens during the summertime, usually in pastures - caused by bacteria carried by insects - can be hard to cure and can cause lower milk production What are the steps in the 11-point plan for the prevention of mastitis? 1. Examine fore milk. 2. Clean the udder. 3. Teat dip or spray 4. Dry udder and teats. 5. Dry cow/ewe therapy. 6. Machine maintenance. 7. Mastitis Records. 8. Culling. 9. Suitable Environment. 10. General Records. 11. Trained Staff. Mastitis is bad because it can: - cause less milk production - more treatment costs - having to get rid of the animal - can hurt the animal - can cause permanent damage - even death What are somatic cells? - White blood cells (leokocytes) produced in the animal's body in response to infection. - not all somatic cells indicate infection and there will be such cells in the milk of a healthy animal, - with high numbers at the start of lactation followed by a gradual reduction to months 3 and 4 and then a steady increase to the end of lactation. - Elevated levels of somatic cells in milk can indicate an infection or inflammation in the udder. Name at least 4 types of bacteria associated with mastitis germs that can cause mastitis 1. Staph aureus: 2. Strep dysgalactiae: 3. Strep agalactica: 4. E coli, 5. Strep uberis: - can spread from cow to cow - makes the udder swollen, painful and reduce milk production - its important to keep cows clean and healthy Having identified the bacterial cause of mastitis in a herd as being due to the environment, what measures could be taken? - Dry dam therapy - Regular servicing of the milking machine - Keep passages, environment and cubicles clean - Clean and add fresh bedding at least daily - Allow the animals after milking to stand in a clean yard for 30 minutes to allow the teat orifice to close tightly and the teat dip to dry. - Apply the Mastitis Control Program - fly control measures eg. fly taps - removing cows with chronic mastitis - vaccination - antibiotic treatment - Complete milking, - higher milk production, - higher milk fat content of the milk - higher milk quality 2 / 5

ans364 lactation and care of young Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dan53v What are the benefits of "efficient" milking? - the maintenance of a healthy udder. - improved udder health - reduce stress - increased profitability What is "milk let-down"? - a natural physiological process that occurs in lactating mammals - mechanoreceptors are stimulated by the sucking of young or by milking - The posterior pituitary gland at the base of the brain then releas- es the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream. - This hormone is conveyed to the alveoli in the upper udder and stimulates contraction of the muscles surrounding the alveoli - These contractions force the milk out of the alveoli and small ducts into the large ducts, the gland cistern and the teat sinus. - milk let-down ensures that milk is efficiently removed from the udder. What is "over-milking"? - when suction is applied to the teat when there is negligible milk flow. - when a cow's udder is milked for too long or too frequently - most common at the end of milking or if the animal hasn't started milk-let down - can cause damage to the udder and predisposed - Over-milking is liable to damage the udder and teats and in- crease the risk of mastitis can increase somatic cell count, impacting milk quality What are the benefits of sound feeding principles for the ewe in late pregnancy and lactation? - No metabolic diseases in the ewe in late pregnancy, at lambing (e.g. Milk fever) and during lactation (e.g. Acidosis and hypomag- nesaemia) - Good colostrum production - High yields of milk and milk solids (fat, protein and lactose) - Improved lamb birth weights and survival rates. - Increased milk production and quality, which can lead to faster lamb growth rates. - Reduced risk of metabolic disorders - Improved ewe body condition - Reduced risk of digestive upsets and other health problems. Why is the appetite of the ewe declining in late pregnancy, espe- cially if she is carrying multiple fetuses? - due to the increasing volume of the developing lambs and the contents of the uterus putting pressure on the rumen, decreasing its capacity for feed intake -food must be provided in a more concentrated form as there is less capacity of the rumen and increased demand for nutrients - as the lamb grows, it takes up more space, making the ewe feel full - the ewe's hormones change during this time which can decrease her appetite. - farmers have to closely monitor their ewes nutrition during this time to ensure that they and their fetuses stay healthy What is the problem with providing too much concentrate to the ewe in late pregnancy? - the ewe will eat less forage, - the rumen environment will become more acidic, - the rumen microorganisms will become less active, and forage intake will decrease even further. - higher risk of metabolic disorders - reduced rumen function - increased risk of over-conditioning to prevent this it's important to live the ewe a balanced diet that meets her nutritional needs without overfeeding If high quality forages are not available, rather than giving exces- sive concentrates what should at least be supplemented? - giving excess concentrates can increase the risk of acidosis - is important to at least meet the protein and amino acid re- quirements by giving a small supplement of rumen bypass or undegraded protein 3 / 5

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ans364 lactation and care of young Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dan53v - helps maintain rumen function and supports the growth and development of the fetuses, and ensures the ewe is receiving all the nutrients they need Does supplementation with rumen-protected fat increase milk yield? - no, it does not increase milk yield. - but these fats increase the fat content in the milk of the ewe, therefore, increasing the live weight gain of twin lambs - Over-supplementation can have negative effects on rumen func- tion and animal health What is the problem with feeding all ewes the same level of diet in late pregnancy? - If all ewes are on the same feed in late pregnancy, the growth of the single lamb may be considerable, resulting in excessive birthweight and lambing difficulties - but individual twin and triplet lambs may have poor growth rates and be very small at birth, making them more liable to die from chilling, low colostrum intake, starvation and disease - can lead to problems because the nutritional needs of individual ewes vary - may become over or under-conditioned, causing them to develop metabolic disorders and have difficulty delivering labs. - important to assess body condition and nutritional needs to adjust their diet When should ultrasound scanning of pregnant ewes be conducted to help adjust their diets? 8-10 weeks prior to lambing. - mid-pregnancy (60-90) days - allows farmers to assess the number and size of fetuses, the condition of ewe, and adjust the diet accordingly so she receives the appropriate levels of nutrition to support her health and her fetus' health What are the main causes of lamb mortality? -stillbirths, most occur during lambing due to difficult and pro- longed lambing dystocia - hypothermia from exposure to cold wind and rain - starvation from low intake of colostrum or milk often combined with weakness at birth and chilling - infectious disease problems, especially enteric problems eg. pregnancy toxaemia - predation by other animals What are the main complications at lambing? - the eye is ill eg. suffering from toxaemia - lamb is too large in relation to the ewe's ability to deliver it - the lamb or lambs are not presented head first - ring work condition where the cervix of the ewe fails to open properly - Young ewes lambing for the first time are more likely to experi- ence difficulties party due to inadequate development of the pelvic area and the birth canal and because they are more likely to have single lambs, which may be too big in relation to their ability to deliver them - difficult or obstructed labour, prolapse and low blood calcium - farmers need to monitor their ewes closely during lambing and be ready to help when complications occur. What is the environmental temperature requirement of a newborn lamb? - 26°C for a large lamb - up to 32°C for a small lamb. - because lambs are born with limited ability to regulate their own body temperature and are dependent on the surrounding environment to keep them warm. - if too cold, labs can become hypothermic and may not survive How is the environmental temperature requirement of a newborn lamb affected? - temperature requirement reduces quickly if the ewe licks the lamb in the drying and bonding process and when the lamb gets a good suckle. - what also helps is the lamb's internal fuel or brown fat, which it utilises to generate heat which helps maintain normal body temperature - being exposed to cold wind and rain harms the newborn as it is 4 / 5

ans364 lactation and care of young Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dan53v required to generate even more heat to keep itself warm. - it can be affected by air temperature, wind speed, humidity and the lamb's own ability to generate heat. - if it is too humid, the lamb may be unable to evaporate moisture from its skin. What special care routines should be done for weak lambs at birth? - they are unable to suckle, so they should be given a 50-100ml dose of the ewe's colostrum by stomach tube within 1 to 2 hours of birth. - stomach tube method is better, and it is easier to foster compared to bottle-fed - when bottle fed, the weak lamb may inhale some of the milk leading to pneumonia, can get hooked or bonded to the bottle and be less willing to accept the ewe's teat. - up to the time of fostering, the weak lamb should be given colostrum three times per day at approximately 8-hour intervals. Special care routines for weak lambs at birth include: - providing them with supplemental colostrum as soon as possible - additional warmth to maintain their body temperature - monitoring them closely for signs of illness or infection. - Weak lambs may require additional feeding or nutritional support to help them grow and develop properly. What is Coccal mastitis: - Caused mainly by streptococci and staphylococci organisms. - lead to lower milk production and treatment costs for farmers what is Environmental mastitis: - Caused mainly by E. Coli organisms. - caused by bacteria that are found in the animal's surroundings, such as soil or bedding - can occur more often in cows that are kept in dirty or wet environments What is Pseudomonas mastitis: - Caused by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa organism which is associated with stagnant water. - not very common but can be hard to treat and can cause lower milk production what is Summer mastitis: - Caused by the Corynebacterium pyogenes organism. - happens during the summertime, usually in pastures - caused by bacteria carried by insects - can be hard to cure and can cause lower milk production 5 / 5

ans364 lactation and care of young

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