Bio 287 Final Exam Fall 2020

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Jan 9, 2024

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Final • • Question 1 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which factor was probably most important in leading to the presence of the large brain humans possess today, relative to our body size? Selected Answer: Competition and other interactions in social groups Answers: Finding and preparing various foods Competition and other interactions in social groups Avoidance of predators Manufacturing and using complex tools Demands of harsher climates outside of Africa
• Question 2 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is a prediction of the Trivers Willard hypothesis? Selected Answer: Mothers in good condition should have more sons than daughters Answers: Mothers in good condition should have more sons than daughters Females will be larger than males when large young survive better Males will be larger than females when they compete over females Sex determination should be based on temperature Sex determination should be genetic • Question 3 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the process, or the outcome of the process, of a trait becoming improved for a specific function through evolution by natural selection? Selected Answer: Adaptation Answers: Adaptation Phylogeny Canalization Plasticity Ontogeny
• Question 4 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the joint evolution of two species or groups of species, where each evolves in response to selection from the other? Selected Answer: Coevolution Answers: Adaptive radiation Comparative evolution Coevolution Synapomorphy Genetic linkage • Question 5 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following statements is FALSE? Selected Answer: DNA evidence supports the hypothesis that Homo sapiens originated in the Middle East Answers: DNA evidence does not indicate definitive races, but does provide information on genetic relatedness that we can use to show the history of human movement and diversification DNA evidence supports a major human prehistoric colonization of the Americas from the northwest DNA evidence supports the hypothesis that Homo sapiens originated in the Middle East DNA evidence shows the greatest human genetic diversity is in sub- Saharan Africa DNA evidence shows that all human individuals are members of a single interbreeding species.
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• Question 6 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which statement about cultural evolution is TRUE: Selected Answer: Cultural transmission must occur via social learning Answers: Most culturally evolving traits in nonhuman animals function in predator avoidance Only one plant is known to undergo cultural evolution The capacity for culture in any species is underlain by a single gene Cultural evolution occurs when individuals learn by trial and error Cultural transmission must occur via social learning • Question 7 0 out of 1.7 points Concealed ovulation, decreased sexual dimorphism, and decrease in polygyny are all primarily associated with what behavioral shift in human evolution? Selected Answer: From giving birth to multiple offspring at a time to single offspring Answers: From hunter-gatherer nomadism to a sedentary lifestyle From giving birth to multiple offspring at a time to single offspring From quadrapedalism (walking primarily on four feet) to bipedalism From talking directly to people to typing on smartphones From uniparental to biparental care of offspring
• Question 8 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the term for when one gene affects the expression of another gene. Selected Answer: Epistasis Answers: Pleiotropy Recombination Linkage disequilibrium Polygenic inheritance Epistasis • Question 9 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following tends to happen when individuals breed preferentially with close relatives? Selected Answer: Violation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Answers: Loss of recombination Increase in heterozygotes Increase in mutation rate Violation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium Disruption of local adaptation
• Question 10 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! Why do insects have so many babies, but we have just a few? Selected Answer: Because insects are much more likely than we are to die before they can reproduce Answers: Because insects lay eggs whereas we bear live young Because insects don’t work, so they have more time to make babies Because we would be extremely overpopulated if we had so many babies Because insects are more fit to their environment than we are Because insects are much more likely than we are to die before they can reproduce • Question 11 1.7 out of 1.7 points “Gene frequencies will remain constant in a randomly breeding population unless acted on by external forces”. This is: Selected Answer: The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Answers: Hamilton’s Rule Life History Theory The Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection The Hardy-Weinberg Principle Bergman’s Rule
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• Question 12 1.7 out of 1.7 points What does it mean to say that a group of species is monophyletic? Selected Answer: The members of the group share a common ancestor and include all of the descendants of that ancestor Answers: The members of the group are in the same gene pool (have the same genes) The members of the group share at least one genetic mutation or at least one distinctive trait The members of the group are living in the same geographical area The members of the group share a common ancestor and include all of the descendants of that ancestor The members of the group descend from a current (living) species • Question 13 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! Why are there fruits? Seems strange that there would just happen to be yummy sweet things hanging around on trees. Selected Answer: It helps the plant distribute its offspring over a broader range Answers: To protect the seed It’s just a byproduct of evolution that doesn’t have a specific function To give food to the little plant embryo To distract animals from eating the more sensitive parts of the plant It helps the plant distribute its offspring over a broader range
• Question 14 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the term for when one gene affects more than one trait. Selected Answer: Pleiotropy Answers: Epistasis Polygenic inheritance Linkage disequilibrium Recombination Pleiotropy • Question 15 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is sexual selection? Selected Answer: Reproductive success differences arising from a differential probability of mating Answers: Differential reproductive success due to variation in fertility Reproductive success that varies between the sexes The effect natural selection has on traits used in mating Reproductive success differences arising from a differential probability of mating The effect natural selection has on reproductive isolation mechanisms
• Question 16 1.7 out of 1.7 points In a particular animal species, there are two sexes, P and Q. Sex P takes much longer to reproduce and performs the majority of the parental care. Which of the following would you predict about the individuals of these two sexes? Selected Answer: P chooses Q based on an exaggerated trait or ornament Answers: P compete among each other, but neither sex is choosy P chooses Q based on an exaggerated trait or ornament Both sexes are choosy and both have elaborated traits Q chooses P based on an exaggerated trait or ornament Both sexes are choosy, but neither have elaborated traits • Question 17 1.7 out of 1.7 points Countershading, dark stripes through eyes, and resemblance to sticks and leaves are all examples of traits that have usually evolved for what function? Selected Answer: Camouflage Answers: Camouflage Batesian mimicry Müllerian mimicry None of the above Mate choice
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• Question 18 1.7 out of 1.7 points What does Hamilton’s Rule describe? Selected Answer: When an apparently altruistic trait will spread by kin selection Answers: When fitness will tend to be important to an organism A method of determining the relatedness of two individuals in a population The increase in a population’s size due to eusociality The cost of a behavior in terms of reproductive success When an apparently altruistic trait will spread by kin selection • Question 19 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! Ouch, I just got stung by a bee from a hive of tons of bees, and the stinger’s still in me! Why would an animal hurt itself like that, just to hurt me? Selected Answer: The bee protects a lot of relatives such as siblings, and even though that bee dies these relatives will continue to survive Answers: The bee protects a lot of relatives such as siblings, and even though that bee dies these relatives will continue to survive The bee is protecting its offspring, and by injuring or even killing itself it can still survive in a way through its offspring Bees are servants of the Dark Lord Stinging is maladaptive—it is bad for the bee and natural selection does not favor it The bee only stings when it believes it is about to be killed; from its perspective it was going to die anyway, but if it stings it at least gets to hurt its killer a bit also
• Question 20 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which is the best description of the typical process of speciation? Selected Answer: An evolutionary lineage splits into two Answers: An organism’s offspring cannot mate with individuals of its parent’s generation An evolutionary lineage splits into two A mutation of large effect enters a population A population evolves for a certain amount of time A species acquires new genes • Question 21 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the most common mechanism of speciation? Selected Answer: Separation of two populations by a physical boundary Answers: Sexual selection leading to exaggerated traits Divergence of traits in the same habitat Separation of two populations by a physical boundary Migration of new individuals into a population Change in a single lineage in a single environment over time
• Question 22 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following describes a common difference between organisms with r-selected vs. K-selected life history? Selected Answer: E. A, B, and C Answers: A. Little or no parental care vs. more parental care B. A high-mortality and unpredictable environment vs. a safer and predictable environment C. More small offspring vs. fewer large offspring D. A and B E. A, B, and C • Question 23 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following is true about the origin and early evolution of life on Earth? Selected Answer: All of the living things currently on Earth apparently descended from the same origin of life. Answers: Scientists currently believe that life on Earth began about a billion years ago. All of the living things currently on Earth apparently descended from the same origin of life. Amino acids, which assemble into proteins, must originally have come from outer space because no known natural process on Earth can produce them. The early Earth was too cold to support life. There appears to have been much more oxygen in the early atmosphere than there is today
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• Question 24 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is an example of a frequency-based bias in cultural evolution? Selected Answer: Conformist bias Answers: Conformist bias Prestige bias Suburbias Content bias Success bias • Question 25 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following is a synonym for “clade”? Selected Answer: Monophyletic group Answers: Sympatric speciation Monophyletic group Trait Phylogenetic tree Species
• Question 26 0 out of 1.7 points All of the following traits are typical of human females, but only one is common in nonhuman animals as well—which one? Selected Answer: Face and body advertising youth and fertility Answers: Concealed ovulation Face and body advertising youth and fertility Menopause Smaller size than males Breasts swollen even when not producing milk • Question 27 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following things can undergo biological evolution? Selected Answer: A population of organisms Answers: A population of organisms Planet Earth A single organism All the above The universe
• Question 28 1.7 out of 1.7 points You come upon a series of islands, each with several related species that differ from those on other islands and also from those on the mainland. A genetic analysis shows all of them to have been descended from a mainland species only a few million years ago. Which term best describes this situation? Selected Answer: Adaptive radiation Answers: Fisherian runaway selection Adaptive radiation Allen’s Rule Disruptive selection Life history evolution • Question 29 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the term for when chromosomes experience crossing over during meiosis. Selected Answer: Recombination Answers: Recombination Linkage disequilibrium Polygenic inheritance Pleiotropy Epistasis
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• Question 30 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! I heard a man on the radio say that if you let an immortal chimp type randomly on a typewriter for a billion years he would never type out Shakespeare’s Hamlet . The man said that this means that evolution is a ridiculous theory and that all of the amazing animals and plants we have could never have been made through random evolution all by itself. I’m confused. Help?! Selected Answer: That story is not a good analogy for evolution, because evolution is not random; traits and organisms function better and can get more complex over the generations by natural selection. Thus our present diversity of traits and organisms could have evolved by small evolutionary steps, each tending to improve reproductive success relative to what went before. Answers: That story is not a good analogy for evolution, because evolution is not random; traits and organisms function better and can get more complex over the generations by natural selection. Thus our present diversity of traits and organisms could have evolved by small evolutionary steps, each tending to improve reproductive success relative to what went before. We evolved from bacteria not chimps, and bacteria at a typewriter could indeed eventually type Shakespeare’s Hamlet despite the fact that chimps would fail. This demonstrates that random evolution can produce the diversity we observe in the natural world. A typewriter has many keys, but DNA varies only among four nucleotide bases at any specific locus. Thus the nature of DNA is such that any of several mechanisms of evolution, such as drift, net mutation, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, is highly constrained to produce surprisingly complex and functional traits, including the present diversity of organisms, through random evolution. Because evolution is random, it is true that some other process is required to explain all that we observe in nature. Evolution has occurred, but other special things we have not yet discovered must have happened over the course of history in order to explain the diversity of organisms and traits we see around us. The analogy between chimps typing and the evolution of life is false, because in nature anything any organism develops or learns during its lifetime is passed on to its offspring through its genes. This means that over each generation the chimp would inherit everything its parents discovered and because of this they could eventually type Hamlet .
• Question 31 1.7 out of 1.7 points The three conditions for evolution by natural selection limited resources, heritability, and: Selected Answer: None of the above Answers: Purpose Sexual reproduction Environmental change None of the above Vicariance • Question 32 1.7 out of 1.7 points A certain radioactive isotope of an element X decays to Y with a half-life of 4 million years. You find a fossil in a rock where only one quarter of the expected X atoms are present, with three quarters being Y instead. How old is the rock? Selected Answer: 8 million years Answers: 16 million years 1 million years 8 million years 4 million years 2 million years
• Question 33 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following statements, if any, is FALSE? Selected Answer: Unlearned traits sometimes culturally evolve Answers: Socially learned traits sometimes culturally evolve Socially learned traits sometimes genetically evolve Unlearned traits sometimes culturally evolve Unlearned traits sometimes genetically evolve None of them—all the above statements are true. • Question 34 1.7 out of 1.7 points If individual X has higher fitness than individual Y in a population because X has more teeth, which of the following is true? Selected Answer: D. A & B Answers: A. Teeth are adaptive B. If teeth are heritable, the number of teeth will evolve by natural selection C. Teeth are plastic D. A & B E. All of the above
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• Question 35 1.7 out of 1.7 points To which of the following taxonomic groups do humans belong? Selected Answer: Great apes Answers: Gibbons & Siamangs Lorises & Lemurs Great apes New World monkeys Tarsiers • Question 36 1.7 out of 1.7 points For over a hundred years after the discovery of natural selection, researchers focused only on the direct component of inclusive fitness. Hamilton demonstrated that there was also an indirect component, which is associated with what sort of selection? Selected Answer: Kin Answers: Frequency-dependent Kin Cultural Group Sexual
• Question 37 1.7 out of 1.7 points In this phylogenetic tree, what do the numbers in the tree above or below the branches indicate? Selected Answer: statistical confidence that the node is placed correctly Answers: statistical confidence that the node is placed correctly temporal distance of the node to the present in millions of years genetic distance of the branch statistical confidence of the length of the branch genetic distance between the two descendants of that node • Question 38 1.7 out of 1.7 points A monkey learns to wash potatoes in water to get rid of sand. Others start copying it and before long all the local monkeys are doing it. Then a monkey learns to throw rice in the water for the same purpose, and similarly this spreads through the population. What term is most appropriate to describe these behaviors? Selected Answer: Cultural Answers: Constrained Instinctual Innate Cultural Canalizex
• Question 39 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! I’ve noticed that the daddies of most of my friends are taller than the mommies. Why? Selected Answer: Men tend to be taller than women because for a long time in our evolutionary history a larger size in men would make them better at competing for women Answers: Men in our society tend to have more meat in their diet than women do (it’s plasticity) Women have evolved a shorter stature because it is more adaptive or advantageous for bearing and caring for children Men tend to be taller than women because for a long time in our evolutionary history men would be less likely to choose to mate with taller women You’re incorrect—the idea that men tend to be taller than women is a myth invented by men in order to control women Men tend to be taller than women because for a long time in our evolutionary history a larger size in men would make them better at competing for women • Question 40 1.7 out of 1.7 points A mechanism of evolution that tends to improve the fit of organisms to their environments is: Selected Answer: Natural selection Answers: Net mutation Migration Natural selection All of the above Genetic drift
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• Question 41 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which estimate is closest to how long ago the first living cells evolved on Earth, as far as we know currently? Selected Answer: 3.5 billion years Answers: 7.5 billion years 500 million years 10.5 billion years 1.5 billion years 3.5 billion years • Question 42 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! My teacher told me that our cells have little things in them like a nucleus and mitochondria, that all do little chores. How did they get in there??? Selected Answer: Before there were any animals or plants on the earth, little one-celled organisms ate others and the eaten ones became those organelles Answers: While you were just a tiny embryo, some of your new cells were engulfed by others and became those little organelles Those organelles evolved by genetic drift—in other words, they formed by chance Doctors inject those little organelles into all of our cells after we’re born, while the mother is sleeping Before there were any animals or plants on the earth, little one-celled organisms ate others and the eaten ones became those organelles A long, long time ago those little organelles evolved from other cells in the body of the same species
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• Question 43 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is (biological) evolution? Selected Answer: Change in gene or trait frequencies over time across generations Answers: Change in an organism’s traits across generations such that they become better suited to their environments Change in genes due to mutation during an organism’s lifetime The process of improvement in a trait throughout an organism’s development Change in a socially learned trait over time Change in gene or trait frequencies over time across generations • Question 44 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the situation called when a single genotype can produce more than one phenotype depending on what environment it is in? Selected Answer: Plasticity Answers: Epistasis Plasticity Pleiotropy Heterochrony Canalization
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• Question 45 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the significance of the dates at which paleontologists have placed the divisions between the three eras of the Phanerozoic eon? Selected Answer: They coincide with two major extinction events Answers: They coincide with two important landmarks in human evolution All three eras approximately equal in length They coincide with two major extinction events They mark the beginning of the evolution of two major new groups of organisms They are favorite numbers of two famous paleontologists • Question 46 0 out of 1.7 points Which of the following statements is FALSE: Selected Answer: The environment always forms a context for the expression of genes Answers: Genes influence an organism through ontogeny Genes often have multiple effects Genes are uninvolved in the expression of some traits Genes usually have effects on each other The environment always forms a context for the expression of genes
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• Question 47 1.7 out of 1.7 points All of the following are trends in the evolution of Homo EXCEPT: Selected Answer: Sturdier, more robust skeleton Answers: Sturdier, more robust skeleton Increase in relative brain size Spread out of Africa Flatter face and smaller teeth Increased tool use, evidence of culture • Question 48 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the twofold cost of sex? Selected Answer: Sexual reproduction results in half the number of offspring as asexual reproduction per individual Answers: Females usually have twice the reproductive success as males do A description of hermaphroditism Sexual reproduction results in half the number of offspring as asexual reproduction per individual A description of the fact that sex always decreases the fitness of a species The fact that sexual selection involves both intrasexual and intersexual components
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• Question 49 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the term for when two genes are often inherited together because they are on the same chromosome Selected Answer: Linkage disequilibrium Answers: Linkage disequilibrium Polygenic inheritance Epistasis Recombination Pleiotropy • Question 50 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is a major reason why organisms tend to look more similar to each other in early development than in later development? Selected Answer: Because evolutionarily novel traits tend to arise through terminal addition Answers: Because organisms of different species are more genetically similar earlier in development Because ontogeny tends to recapitulate, or move through all the stages of, phylogeny Because evolutionarily novel traits tend to arise through terminal addition Because an embryo of any one species contains all of the potential for variation among the adults of all species Because there is no such thing as adaptation in embryonic or larval forms
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• Question 51 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is an evolutionary tradeoff? Selected Answer: When two traits cannot both be at their optimal states, so an individual must compromise Answers: When populations in two different geographical locations differ in a way predicted by natural selection When two species compete and neither can achieve maximum reproductive success because of the other When an individual replaces one trait with another When two traits cannot both be at their optimal states, so an individual must compromise When two individuals exchange benefits in the context of cooperation • Question 52 1.7 out of 1.7 points According to lecture, selection at which of the following levels is responsible for most of the traits of organisms? Selected Answer: Individual Answers: Population Cell lineage Clade Individual Species
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• Question 53 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following features evolved earliest in our ancestry? Selected Answer: Bipedalism Answers: Manufacture of stone tools Decreasing sexual dimorphism Bipedalism Agriculture Capacity for language • Question 54 1.7 out of 1.7 points Which of the following processes is a mechanism of genetic evolution? Selected Answer: Net mutation Answers: Ontogeny Net mutation Inclusive fitness Canalization Culture
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• Question 55 1.7 out of 1.7 points For this question, address a child’s curiosity, according to the information provided in this class—not all the lingo is too precise because you’re talking to a kid, but choose the BEST answer! Hdid there get to be so many different kinds of creatures in the world? Selected Answer: Many times, the population of one kind of organism split into two separate populations and these eventually became different kinds, or species Answers: Many times, the population of one kind of organism split into two separate populations and these eventually became different kinds, or species There were always about this many kinds of organisms in the world—just some die off and some new ones evolve Over and over, one individual of a species has mutated, distinguishing it from the rest of its population and creating a new kind of organism There were many different kinds of bacteria a long time ago, each of which became a different more advanced species over time New species are usually made by the blending of the DNA of earlier species, through hybridization
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• Question 56 1.7 out of 1.7 points In this phylogenetic tree of 10 viruses, which of the following groups is NOT a clade? Selected Answer: viruses 6, 7, 8 Answers: viruses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 viruses 6, 7, 8 viruses 6, 7, 8 viruses 1, 2, 3, 4 viruses 9, 10 • Question 57 1.7 out of 1.7 points What is the name of the tool culture that flourished between about 1.5 million years ago and 200,000 years ago, that represents the first attempts of hominids to give their tools a distinctive shape by repeated removal of flakes? Selected Answer: Acheulean Answers: Acheulean Neolithic Mousterian Archaic Oldowan
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• Question 58 1.7 out of 1.7 points Some of our genes have effects that are beneficial in early life and harmful later on. What is thought to be a main effect of this antagonistic pleiotropy? Selected Answer: Senescence Answers: Epistasis Senescence Polygenic inheritance Life history Plasticity • Question 59 1.7 out of 1.7 points All of the following are typical characteristics of primates EXCEPT: Selected Answer: Strict carnivory (meat diet) Answers: Grasping, independent fingers Finger/toe nails Large brain for body size Strict carnivory (meat diet) Shortened face with overlapping visual fields
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• Question 60 0 out of 1.7 points Why can’t paleontologists generally use the biological species concept? Selected Answer: Because fossils do not provide enough traits to determine whether two lineages are diagnosably distinct Answers: Because fossils do not provide enough traits to determine whether two lineages are diagnosably distinct Because speciation has generally happened too long ago even for fossils Because we can’t tell which extinct organisms could have mated with which others Because we don’t have DNA from most fossils Because the fossil record is too sparse to tell when populations split in two
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