hcas123-lecture-5-lymphatic-immune-and-endocrine-systems-tagged

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Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university HCAS123 - Lecture 5 - Lymphatic, Immune, and Endocrine Systems - Tagged Healthcare Terminology (Bryant & Stratton College) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university HCAS123 - Lecture 5 - Lymphatic, Immune, and Endocrine Systems - Tagged Healthcare Terminology (Bryant & Stratton College) Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 – Lymphatic, Immune, and Endocrine Systems Introduction The Lymphatic system is responsible for transporting interstitial fuid throughout the body that plays a vital role in our immune system. Our immune system is directly related to the actions of the lymphatic system, along with the cells and lymph fuid circulating in our bodies. As you learned previously, our circulatory system is responsible for carrying nutrients, waste, and gases throughout the body. The circulatory system also transports hormones that are released from various glands and organs in our body. These hormones make up the endocrine system and are responsible for various functions including sexual reproduction, metabolism, energy, sleep, and mood. Let’s look at the main functions of these systems along with the word parts that compromise the lymphatic/immune and endocrine systems. Lesson 1: Lymphatic System Introduction The lymphatic system works in conjunction with the cardiovascular system to help your immune system function. It is a series of lymph vessels, organs, and tissues that circulate lymph; this is the fuid that contains these immune response cells. This system gets its name from the fuid that circulates throughout the body. The lymphatic system looks similar to the cardiovascular system in that it is a closed system of fuid being moved throughout the body. However, the striking diference is not only what is transported but that the lymph is pumped with the contraction of a muscle. You may have experienced someone saying that their lymph nodes are enlarged. The lymph nodes are lymphatic organs spread throughout the body that flter out the lymph as it travels through the blood vessels. Similarly, blood lymph is a fuid that carries white blood cells and waste and dead blood cells. There are also organs that are responsible for making our lymphocytes (immune cells); these are the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and tonsils. Structures and Organs The lymphatic system is responsible for removing interstitial fuids from the body and returning them back into circulation. Interstitial fuid is the fuid that is leaked from the capillaries and bloodstream that is located between the cells of the body. Most of this fuid is reabsorbed by the bloodstream. The fuid that is left over is absorbed by the lymphatic system; when it enters, it is then called lymph. As we noted above, the lymphatic vessels connect the Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 2 glands, organs, and bone with the purpose of creating and circulating immune cells, along with fltering out waste from the interstitial space. The following 4 minute, 34 second video by Alila Medical Media. It is a brief overview of the lymphatic system. Some students learn diferently, so our visual learners need to see the lymphatic system illustrated and explained. As you watch this video, please look for the following:  The organs/ glands involved  What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?  Where are cells created? The Lymphatic System Overview, Animation This video does a great job introducing the lymphatic system as it often has a very misunderstood function. It introduces the fow and function of lymph and how it interacts with cells in the human body. Carefully review the diagram below as it will lay out the location or lymphatic structures before you review the table listing them. Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

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HCAS123 – Lecture 5 3 Table of Structures Adenoids - Located in the back of the nasal cavity, responsible for trapping germs that we breathe in Antibodies - Proteins that bind to the surface of foreign substances in the blood Antigen - This is the location that antibodies attach to the foreign body Basophil - Type of white blood cell Eosinophil - Type of white blood cell Leukocyte - These are white blood cells responsible for immunity Lymph nodes - Gland located throughout the body responsible for fltering lymph before it returns to the blood Lymph/ interstitial fuid - A clear fuid that is located outside of the blood vessels. It is collected and returned to the blood via lymphatic vessels Lymphatic vessels - Closed system of thin-walled tubes that transport lymph from the cells back into the blood Lymphocytes - A type of white blood cells created in the thymus that is a factor in the immune system Monocyte -Type of white blood cell Neutrophil - Type of white blood cell Peyer's patches - Groups of lymph nodes specifcally for the small intestines Spleen - Filters the blood of germs and dying erythrocytes (red blood cells); it is located below the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the torso Thymus - Responsible for making lymphocytes that are a type of Leukocyte (white blood cell) that kill diferent germs/ bacteria Tonsils - Located in the back of your mouth, responsible for fltering and kill germs Check Your Knowledge Match each term with the correct defnition. Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 4 Eosinophil - Type of white blood cell Antibodies - Proteins that bind to the surface of foreign substances in the blood Tonsils - Located in the back of your mouth, responsible for fltering and kill germs Antigen - This is the location that antibodies attach to the foreign body Prefx, Root, Sufx Breakdown As you can see from the table of structures, the lymphatic system tends to follow the terminology rules of prefx, root, and sufx. This makes it easy to decipher and locate them as they are named consistently. Many of the structures will start with the root/prefx- Lymph- this should automatically give you an idea of the function of this structure (Lymph= immune system). Many of the prefxes and sufxes are used interchangeably with each body system because they are used mostly to describe the root. Cardiomegaly is an example we used in the cardiovascular system, and similarly, splenomegaly is used to describe the size of the spleen. Prefx Meaning a-, an- not, without auto- self en- in; within epi- on; over; upon mega- large mono- one; single neo- new pro- before; forward trans- across Root/sufx Meaning aden(o) gland immun(o) immunity lymph(o) lymph lymphaden(o) lymph node (s) lymphangi(o) lymphatic vessels splen(o) spleen thym(o) thymus tox(o) poison -al, -ar, -ic, -ical, -tic pertaining to -plasia growth Check Your Knowledge 1. This is the prefx meaning immune ________ immun/o 2. Neo- is a prefx that describes something as being ________ new 3. When using the prefx epi- you are describing something as being ________ above or on top Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 5 4. This is a root word describing gland ________ adeno- 5. Lymphangio- is a root word that is used when we speak about ________ lymphatic vessels Dissecting Terms Using the tables above now, we can dissect the medical terms for the lymphatic system. As listed above, many of these terms are easy to decipher; they function since they will begin with lympho-. As you study these terms, take the time to write out the root, prefx, and sufx; it is important early on to be repetitive when memorizing medical terms. Root Sufx Meaning Immunotoxicity Immun/o toxicity adverse efects on immune system function resulting from exposure to chemical substances Lymphadenecto my Lymphade n ectomy surgical removal of lymph node(s) Lymphadenopat hy Lymphade n opathy disease of, or swelling/enlarged lymph nodes Lymphangitis Lymphang itis infammation or infection of the lymphatic vessels Lymphoma Lymph oma tumor of lymphoid cells Immunosuppres sion Immuno suppressio n reduced activation or efcacy of the immune system Splenomegaly Splen/o megaly enlargement of the spleen Thymectomy Thyme ectomy surgical removal of the thymus Prefx Sufx Meaning Adenocarcinoma Aden/o carcinoma cancerous growth of gland tissues Leukocyte Leuk/o cyte white blood cell Monocyte Mon/o cyte single cell and type of white blood cell Neoplasia Ne/o plasia new growth or cell growth Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

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HCAS123 – Lecture 5 6 Abbreviations Just as we have seen in other body systems, there are universal abbreviations. Regarding medical abbreviations and acronyms, you mustn't make up your own. If you decide to make up your own, it can cause confusion and could even cause major consequences regarding treatment for patients. Be sure only to use what are considered universal abbreviations that will be understood by all providers. For example, if I decided to call HIV just a "sex disease," it is very vague. It could mean an STD (sexually transmitted disease), which could cause a patient to misunderstand their diagnosis. Consistency and professionalism are vital when working in health care. Abbreviation Meaning AIDS Acquired Immunodefciency Syndrome EBV Epstein-Barr virus HD Hodgkin's disease (now known as Hodgkin Lymphoma) HIV Human Immunodefciency Virus HPV Human papillomavirus HSV Herpes Simplex Virus MALT Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue NHL Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma NKT Natural killer T cell SLNB Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Lesson #1 Completed! Thank you! You have completed this lesson. Please scroll down to complete a short, ungraded Knowledge Check activity. Check Your Knowledge Match each term with the correct defnition. Leukocyte - White blood cell Adenocarcinoma - Cancerous growth of a gland Lymphadenectomy - Surgical removal of the lymph node Thymectomy - Removal of the thymus Lymphoma - Cancerous tumor in the lymphoid cell Lesson 2: Endocrine System Introduction The endocrine system is made up of organs known as glands, cells, and tissue that's primary or secondary role is to secrete hormones. Hormones are a substance that stimulates cells and tissues to act in certain ways. These glands secrete the hormones into the local tissue or body fuids (blood, interstitial) that then transport it throughout the body. The glands that make up the endocrine system are: Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 7  Adrenal  Female ovaries  Heart  Hypothalamus  Kidneys  Liver  Male testes  Pancreas  Parathyroid  Pineal glands  Pituitary  Skin  Small intestine  Stomach  Thymus  Thyroid Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 8 Please watch the following 4 minute, 52 second video, The Endocrine System, Overview, Animation. This video gives a brief overview of the function and importance of the endocrine system. It can be difcult to learn the medical terms for the endocrine if you do not understand this system's basic physiology. As you watch this video, please look for the following:  The endocrine system's efect on homeostasis  The comparison of the endocrine system to a thermostat  What is insulin and the efect of glucose on organs and tissue The Endocrine System, Overview, Animation As shown in this video, the Endocrine system infuences our body in various ways. Hormones function in regulating our body; they control the body temperature through homeostasis, growth and development, metabolism, etc. The video introduced common terminology, and the hormones' functioning through the bloodstream is shown through an interactive animation. Check Your Knowledge 1. T/F Hormones are substances that regulate homeostasis. True 2. Organs that secrete hormones are also known as _________ glands 3. Organs are classifed as endocrine glands because they ________ produce and secrete hormones What Organs/Glands are Involved Organs are systems that function together to help maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is maintaining a balance in the body that allows us to live. The glands of the endocrine system are each an organ with a specifc role. This role is to secrete a substance that triggers surrounding tissues to take action that aids in maintaining homeostasis. These organs are located throughout the body; most are located in the area where they will have an efect, but some are located in the brain, and when they secrete a hormone that afects the genitals. As you can see blood fow, and interstitial fuid is vital in helping transport these hormones. Here we will list the glands that are involved and what their endocrine function is: Gland Endocrine Function Adrenal Regulates our response to stress Female ovaries Secretion of estrogen and progesterone Heart Maintain healthy heart function Hypothalamus Bridge between endocrine and nervous system Kidneys Aides in resorbing water Liver Hormones to help with growth Male testes Secretion of testosterone Pancreas Regulation of blood sugar Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

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HCAS123 – Lecture 5 9 Parathyroid Regulates blood calcium Pineal glands Regulates sleep and resting Pituitary "Master" gland that controls the action of other glands Skin Hormones to make vitamin D Small intestine Hormones that help with digestion Stomach Hormones that regulate stomach acid Thymus Aids in immunes health Thyroid Regulates metabolism, mood, sexual function Check Your Knowledge Matching glands and their function. Pituitary "Master" gland that controls the action of other glands Skin Hormones to make vitamin D Hypothalamus Bridge between endocrine and nervous system Pancreas Regulation of blood sugar Parathyroid Regulates blood calcium Thyroid Regulates metabolism, mood, sexual function What are hormones? The glands that we listed above are responsible for making hormones and receiving the signal to secrete the hormones. In future studies, you will learn that hormonal issues are not always due to a lack of production, but it could be that the gland can no longer receive the signal. Hormonal production is the fundamental basis of maintaining homeostasis or what allows us to live. We don't consciously create and release hormones like we consciously create movement in our muscles. Our body does this for us; naturally, this is what makes the human body so amazing. We are already programmed to sustain our lives; we are then just responsible for getting proper nutrition and taking care of ourselves. In the table below, we will list the most common hormones secreted by each gland. Gland Hormones adrenal Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine female ovaries Estrogen Progesterone heart Atrial natriuretic peptide Ventricular natriuretic peptide hypothalamus Growth hormone releasing hormone Growth hormone inhibiting hormone kidneys Erythropoietin Calcitriol Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 10 Renin liver Glucagon Angiotensin male testes Testosterone pancreas Insulin parathyroid Parathyroid Hormone pineal glands Melatonin pituitary Growth hormone FSH LH Oxytocin skin Melatonin small intestine Gastrin Secretin stomach Gastrin Cholecystokinin thymus Thymopoietin Thymosin thyroid Thyroxine Thyroid-stimulating hormone Take some time to watch this 5 minute, 3 second video, How do your hormones work? This is a crash course on the function of the endocrine system. Sit back and follow the fow and appreciate the complex nature of the endocrine system. Look for the following:  Where are the endocrine glands located in the body?  How do the diferent hormones travel in the body?  What are the functions of diferent hormones in the body? How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce After watching this video, you will now be able to explain the function of hormones and how they are produced in the body. You should be able to see the importance of this system in maintaining homeostasis. This system requires the hormones and proper signaling of these hormones to be released to the body. Lesson #2 Completed! Thank you! You have completed this lesson. Please scroll down to complete a short, ungraded Knowledge Check activity. Check Your Knowledge 1. Where are hormones produced? in glands 2. How are hormones transported? blood and interstitial fuid 3. T/F The pituitary gland is the master gland that regulates other gland's secretion. True Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

HCAS123 – Lecture 5 11 4. The pancreas secretes this hormone __________ that is responsible for regulating blood sugar. insulin Recap As you have just learned and watched in the videos, the endocrine system works closely with the lymphatic and nervous systems. The goal of the endocrine system is to regulate hormones throughout the body and maintain homeostasis. The lymphatic/immune systems work by regulating fuid levels and fuid retention in the body along with providing necessary immune cells and support for fghting various antigens in the body. You had learned diferent word parts for the lymphatic/immune and endocrine systems which can provide you with a deeper understanding of these terms and what they mean. References Alila Medical Media. (2018, November 5). The Endocrine System, Overview, Animation. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=vLdNX5Te1Xo Alila Medical Media. (2018, November 20). The Lymphatic System Overview, Animation. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCPyWFK0IKs CrashCourse. (2015, June 29). Endocrine System, Part 2 - Hormone Cascades: Crash Course A&P #24 . Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCV_m91mN-Q Medical Terminology for Cancer. (n.d.). The Lymphatic System and Immune Systems . Retrieved from http://www.cancerindex.org/medterm/medtm9.htm TED-Ed. (2018, June 21). How do your hormones work? – Emma Bruce. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8 Zimmerman, K. A. (2018, February 20). Lymphatic System: Facts, Functions & Diseases . Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/26983- lymphatic-system.html Downloaded by Kylene Adkins (kylenej@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|21534378

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