BIOL-Written Assignment Unit 3

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Northern Virginia Community College *

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Jan 9, 2024

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Membranes are essential components of all cells. Briefly describe the structure of a eukaryotic plasma membrane, identifying at least two component macromolecules and describing what their basic function is within the membrane. The plasma membrane protects the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in, while keeping other substances out. In eukaryotic cells, the plasma membrane serves as a cell's protector, allowing some chemicals in while blocking or eliminating others to maintain internal conditions. Proteins and lipids are the two macromolecules that make up the plasma membrane. The phospholipid bilayer (which is mostly made up of fatty acids and alcohol) serves as a barrier, and certain proteins embedded inside it perform functions including molecule transport and cell recognition. The hydrophobic fatty acid chains that make up the inside of this layer make it resistant to water-soluble compounds. Cooper (Cooper, 2000). Summarize the manner in which small molecules are permitted to pass through the membrane ensuring you explain the difference between passive, facilitated, active, and coupled transport by comparing and contrasting them. Passive Transport When a molecule dissolves into a phospholipid bilayer, diffuses across it, and dissolves into the opposite side of the group, it is said to be passively transported (Cooper, 2000). A transdermal opioid pain patch, such as fentanyl, is an example of this (Martin, De Baerdemaeker, Poelaert, Madder, Hoogenboom & Ballet, 2016). Facilitated Transport Facilitated transportation is similar to passive transportation in that it consumes no energy. Because carrier proteins cannot dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer, they are used in facilitated transport to penetrate the membrane into the molecule. Active Transport Molecules are transported through active transport, which uses energy. There are two types of active transportation. To transport molecules, the principal active carrier utilizes a direct energy source such as ATP. Coupled Transport Secondary active transport, also called as coupled transport, works by combining the energy stored in electrochemical gradients produced by primary active transport (Khan Academy, 2019). Finally, explain the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis and provide an example of a molecule (remembering to state its function) that is transferred using this method.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are both active transport processes that allow big molecules to enter and exit cells. Endocytosis is the process of the cell membrane engulfing and bringing a particle from outside the cell inside the cell. When vesicles (liquid encapsulated by a lipid bilayer) inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release it outside the cell, this is known as exocytosis. An amoeba "eating" a bacterium is an example of a chemical that gets transferred this manner. It makes contact with the bacterium, engulfs it within its cell membrane, forms a new blister, and breaks it down, taking the nutrients. Exocytosis is the mechanism through which waste particles remain inside the vesicle and are expelled from the cell (Andrew Rader Studios, 2018). References  Andrew Rader Studios. (2018). Phagocytosis – Time to Eat! Studios, A. R. (n.d.). Phagocytosis - time to eat! Biology Basics. Retrieved November 28, 2021, from http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell2_phagocytosis.html#:~:text=Phagocytosis %20%2D%20Time%20to%20Eat!&text=Endocytosis%20happens%20when%20a %20cell,act%20of%20grabbing%20some%20liquid.  The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Cooper, G. M. (1970, January 1). The cell . National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved November 28, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9839/.  Khan Academy. (2019). Active Transport. Khan Academy. (n.d.). Active transport: Primary & secondary overview (article) . Khan Academy. Retrieved November 28, 2021, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-structure-and-function/ facilitated-diffusion/a/active-transport.  Martin, C., De Baerdemaeker, A., Poelaert, J., Madder, A., Hoogenboom, R. & Ballet, S. (2016). Controlled-release of opioids for improved pain management. Science Direct. Martin, C., Baerdemaeker, A. D., Poelaert, J., Madder, A., Hoogenboom, R., & Ballet, S. (2016, February 19). Controlled-release of opioids for improved pain management . Materials Today. Retrieved November 28, 2021, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369702116000304.

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