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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system 1. The lymphatic system is closely connected with what other body system? Cardiovascular 2. What are lymphatic vessels? They take excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream. 3. What are three functions of the lymphatic system? Immunity, Absorption of lipids,Fluid recovery from tissues 4. What is lymph? Excess tissue fluid entering the lymphatic capillaries from the interstitial fluid not returned by the cardiovascular system. 5. Describe the flow of lymph. The lymph flows one way, from the lymphatic capillary system to the subclavian veins, where it joins the venous circulation to return to the heart. 6. True or false: Lymph vessels are only found in the lower extremities. False 7. Describe the structure of lymph vessels. Lymph vessels have one-way flow valves similar in structure to the large veins of the cardiovascular system. The valves prevent the backward flow of lymph. The return of the lymph fluid into circulation is solely dependent on the squeezing action of skeletal muscles, squeezing the fluid one way through the lymphatic vessels. 8. Label the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct. 9. The right lymphatic duct drains into the ________. Right subclavian vein 10. True or false: The thoracic duct drains fluid from the right arm. False 11. Describe the structure of a lymph node. A lymph node is encapsulated in a fibrous connective tissue with many incoming and fewer outgoing lymphatic vessels. Incoming vessels (afferent vessels) flow through a network of sinuses that contain cells. The lymph then flows out of the lymph node through the efferent vessel. The interior of the lymph node is divided into open spaces called nodules, containing lymphocytes and macrophages. 12. What is the axilla region?
the gateway to the upper limb 13. The spleen is in what region of the body? Upper left abdomen 14. What is the function of the spleen? To extract old or defective blood cells and platelets. The spleen also removes debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses and toxins from the blood that flows through it. 15. After blood exits the spleen via the splenic vein, where does it travel? It travels to the hepatic portal system and then blood gets transported into the liver where it is detoxified before returning to general circulation. 16. Label the splenic artery, vein and hepatic portal vein. 17. Locate the thymus and describe its function. The thymus gland is located on anterior surface of the heart. The thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin hormones which enable T lymphocytes (T cells) to mature and function as part of the immunity system. Mature T cells attack body cells which are cancerous or infected with pathogens. 18. Locate the tonsils and describe their function. The tonsils (palatine tonsils) are a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior portions of the throat. The tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food. 19. What is the purpose of the nonspecific immune system? It serves as the first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Its response is generic but quick 20. What is the purpose of the specific immune system? Is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens, main lymphocytes involved are T cells and B cells. It is more targeted by slower to be activated 21. Discuss one body system involved in the nonspecific immune response. Non-specific immune responses include fevers, sweat, tears, skin, and the inflammatory response. Inflammatory response increases blood flow to the infected region causing swelling which dilates blood vessels in the area and increases the number of immune cells responding to the infection. 22. What is swelling and why does it occur? Swelling dilates blood vessels in the area which brings more immune cells responding to the infection. Redness and pain also bring a consciousness that there is an infection.
23. What are the two types of cytokines? Interferons and Interlaken’s 24. What cells produce cytokines? Macrophages, T-cells B-cells and fibroblasts 25. What is the purpose of interferons? Inhibit viral replication and assist in activating natural killer cells. 26. What is the purpose of interleukins? Function as chemical activators, sending signals throughout the body to increase the immune response. 27. What are pyrogens? A subtype of interleukins that reset the body’s temperature to create a fever. 28. How does a fever help the body? By inhibiting the growth and replication of pathogen causes lysosomes to break down and release enzymes that destroy cells infected by a virus and promote WBC activity. 29. What are the two subtypes of white blood cells? Granulocytes and agranulocytes 30. Describe the major purpose of neutrophils. Most abundant type of WBC, responsible for fighting infections, especially those involved in bacteria, 31. What are the steps of phagocytosis? A cell, such as a neutrophil, recognizes a pathogen by its cell surface receptors. -it then binds to the pathogen and brings it inside the cell, forming a vacuole. -vacuole fuses with cell lysosomes, releasing digestive enzymes to destroy the pathogen. Once destroyed, the contents are released from the cell. 32. Label all white blood cells from their histological pictures. 33. What do eosinophils do? Respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. Granules stain darker pink to red. 34. What do basophils release? -rarest of the granulocytes and release histamines and heparin -histamine is a vasodilator that increases blood flow through vessels and capillaries -heparin is a blood anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clots -granules stain dark blue/purple
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35. Monocytes transform into ____ when the migrate into the tissue from the blood. Macrophages 36. Describe the structure of a B cell and how it becomes activated. B cells are genetically programmed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its cell coat. The receptor binds with a specific type of antigen. B cells become activated when its antigen binds with its receptor. Once activiated it comes a plasma cell. 37. What do plasma cells do? Produce immunoglobulins, a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor which binds with invading antigen which makes it inactive or marked for destruction. 38. What are memory B cells? They continue to produce a small amount of antibody when after an infection is gone to make the second round response quicker. 39. What is antibody mediated immunity? Defends the body against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies that bind the pathogen, making it inactive or making for phagocytosis. 40. What are the 5 classes of antibodies? IgG, IgE,IgD,IgM, and IgA 41. What is cell mediated immunity? Locally released contents such as cytokens or enzymes to kill a pathogen of the infected cell. It 42. Describe the structure of T cell membranes. Contain antigen receptors that bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membranes. 43. What is a killer T cell? Recongize and destroy invading cells or cells infected with cancer cells by releasing cytokines and enzymes to lyse the cell locally. 44. What is a helper T cell? Secreted substances that activate or enhance immune response. 45. What types of cells to NK cells destroy? They can destroy tumors. 46. What is graft rejection? Rejection of a transplanted organ by an organ donor.
47. What is the MHC? Glycoprotein surface receptors on the cells of the body. 48. How do Killer T cells use the MHC complex? By recognizing and destroying invading cells through its self or non self recognition of MHC complexes of each cell. 49. What is the purpose of immunosuppressant drugs? To suppress the immune system. 50. What is an autoimmune disease? When lymphocytes launch an attack against a person’s own body. 51. What occurs in the disease process of RA? T-cells attach the synovial lining of the inside joints. T-cells produce interleukins, causing inflammation inside the joints systemically 52. What occurs in the disease process of MS? Antibodies attach and or prevent the formation of the myelin sheath around nerve cells resulting in muscular weakness. 53. What are allergens? Antibodies that are produced against mild antigens. 54. What are some common allergic reactions to mild environmental factors? Watery eyes, red eyes, sneezing, runny nose and headaches 55. What is anaphylaxis? Severe life-threatening allergic reaction against a pathogen, insect bite, or drug. Antibodies are overproduced by B-cells 56. Hives are_____. Swollen and raised red bumps. 57. What is anaphylactic shock? When a person capillaries become so dilated it causes their blood pressure to drop too low leading them to collapse. Their heart can stop beating or their airway passages completely close no longer able to breathe. 58. The EpiPen releases the hormone_______. Epinephrine. 59. What is lymphedema? The lymphatic system not functioning properly to return fluid back to circulation.
60. What is tonsillitis? Inflation of the tonsils caused by viral or bacterial infection.
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