BIO202 Lab 11

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Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Student Name: Ani Harutyunyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-BX89CU Lab Report Format Expecta0ons U"lize college level grammar and professional forma4ng when comple"ng this worksheet. Submissions without proper forma4ng, all required photos or suﬃcient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Ques>ons 1. Describe the pathway of blood traveling through the closed system of the circulatory system starCng with the right atrium. The blood's voyage commences in the right atrium, proceeds to the right ventricle, travels to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenaCon, returns to the leH atrium, advances to the leH ventricle, and ulCmately gets propelled throughout the rest of the body via the aorta. 2. What are the main resistance vessels of the circulatory system? The primary resistance vessels within the circulatory system are the arterioles, which represent the smaller subdivisions of arteries. Arterioles manage blood ﬂow and govern resistance by modulaCng their diameter. 3. How are they (the resistance vessels you noted in QuesCon 2) controlled? Arterioles are primarily under the inﬂuence of the autonomic nervous system and local factors. SympatheCc sCmulaCon induces vasoconstricCon, while parasympatheCc sCmulaCon prompts vasodilaCon.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 1: MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD VESSELS Introduc>on Ques>ons For the following quesCons, provide reasonable esCmates as stated. These esCmates must be realisCc for credit. ( Hint : These esCmates are provided in the lab materials, so your responses should be close to those values.) 1. Give an esCmate for how many Cmes the heart beats over the course of a lifeCme. Over the span of a human lifeCme, the heart contracts roughly 2.5 billion Cmes. 2. Give an esCmate of how many liters of blood circulate in the human body every minute. Around 5 liters of blood ﬂow through the human body each minute. 3. The heart must constantly deliver oxygen via blood cells to the rest of the cells in the human body. Provide an esCmate of how many cells there are in the human body. The human body consists of roughly 37.2 trillion cells, all of which rely on a conCnuous provision of oxygen through blood circulaCon.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Data and Observa>ons 1. Label the arrows in the following two slides. A. Tunica AdvenCCa B. Tunica InCma C. Tunica Media D. Lipids E. Tunica AdvenCCa F. Tunica AdvenCCa G. Tunica Media

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Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. What differences did you observe in the structure of an artery versus the structure of a vein? The artery exhibits a considerably thicker Tunica Media layer when compared to the vein, and it also boasts a greater diameter than the vein. 2. Which vessels allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients across their cell layers? Capillaries serve as vessels that enable the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients across their cellular layers. Their slender walls and limited diameter facilitate the effecCve exchange of substances between the bloodstream and the adjacent Cssues. 3. List the vessels in order of ascending pressure within the circulatory system. 1. Arteries 2. Arterioles 3. Capillaries 4. Venules 5. Veins

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 2: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Introduc>on Ques>ons 1. In the previous experiment, you studied the “microscopic” structure of the circulatory system. In this experiment, you will use the virtual model to examine the “macroscopic” anatomy of the circulatory system. Define the term “macroscopic” and ensure you provide a reasoning for when you would transiCon from describing a study as “microscopic” vs. “macroscopic”. The term "macroscopic" pertains to the examinaCon of visible structures and phenomena without requiring magnificaCon, whereas "microscopic" involves the scruCny of minute details employing instruments like microscopes. The selecCon between the two approaches hinges on the research objecCves and the degree of detail necessary for the study. 2. The names of arteries and veins oHen correspond to their locaCon or the system they service. Based on this fact, what organ do you think the renal artery supplies? The term "renal artery" implies that its role is to provide blood to the kidneys.

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Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Data and Observa>ons Insert screenshot of the descending aorta below.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Insert screenshot of the brachial veins below.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Insert screenshot of the femoral artery below.

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Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. In what body region does the aorta originate? The heart 2. What branch of the external caroCd artery supplies the chin/jaw region with blood? The inferior labial artery. 3. Is the common iliac artery anterior or posterior to the common iliac vein? Anterior 4. What is the name of the artery in the pelvic region that directly feeds into the femoral artery? The artery located in the pelvic region that directly connects to the femoral artery is known as the external iliac artery.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 3: BLOOD PRESSURE Introduc>on Ques>ons 1. What is systolic pressure? Diastolic pressure? Systolic pressure corresponds to the higher number in a blood pressure measurement, denoCng the pressure during heartbeats, whereas diastolic pressure is the lower number, signifying the pressure between heartbeats. 2. Why is pressure a sensible reading to measure circulatory health? Pressure serves as a vital indicator of circulatory well-being as it discloses the eﬃciency of blood ﬂow through arteries, aiding in the detecCon of condiCons such as high or low blood pressure. 3. Explain the “lub-dub” sounds of the heartbeat. The rhythmic "lub-dub" sounds of the heartbeat originate from the closure of heart valves: "lub" occurs when the atrioventricular valves close during ventricular contracCon (systole), and "dub" takes place when the semilunar valves close at the conclusion of ventricular contracCon (diastole). 4. Why is it important for blood to ﬂow in only one direcCon? UnidirecConal blood ﬂow guarantees effecCve circulaCon by prevenCng the reverse ﬂow, which has the potenCal to disrupt the supply of oxygen and nutrients to organs.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Data and Observa>ons Record your observaCons as required by the experimental procedure in the table below. Table 1: Blood Pressure and Pulse Readings Results and Discussion 1. Why do blood pressure and heart rate change aHer exercise? ChatGPT 1. Blood pressure and heart rate experience alteraCons following exercise because: 2. During exercise, muscles have an elevated demand for oxygen and nutrients. 3. To cater to the needs of working muscles, the heart rate rises, ensuring a greater supply of blood, oxygen, and nutrients. 4. The heightened heart rate is essenCal for meeCng the energy requirements of physical acCvity. 5. Exercise also raises blood pressure as a result of increased cardiac output. 6. Over Cme, regular exercise can enhance cardiovascular health, leading to reducCons in resCng heart rate and blood pressure. 2. How might the results in Table 2 change if someone else preformed the acCviCes? Why? The outcomes of acCviCes can differ among individuals due to factors such as their fitness level, age, geneCcs, health condiCons, medicaCons, and environmental condiCons. These variables inﬂuence the responses of heart rate and blood pressure during exercise, resulCng in variaCons in results. Ac>vity Blood Pressure (Systolic/ Diastolic; mmHg) Pulse (beats/minute) Basal (Normal) 111/80 77 Lying Down 115/79 68 AHer Exercise 128/93 115

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Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 4: FETAL PIG DISSECTION - THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Introduc>on Ques>ons 1. What is the process that is responsible for moving molecules from an area of high concentraCon to an area of low concentraCon? The mechanism accountable for transferring molecules from an area with a high concentraCon to one with a lower concentraCon is termed diffusion. 2. In what part of the circulatory system does this happen (in reference to QuesCon 1, above)? The primary site of diffusion is within the capillaries, integral components of the circulatory system. Capillaries facilitate the exchange of molecules, including oxygen and nutrients, between the bloodstream and the adjacent Cssues.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Data and Observa>ons Insert a high resoluCon photo of the fetal pig you observed at the end of the experimental procedure, before you prepare it for storage. Your photo must include: ● Your handwrioen name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. ● The required anatomical features according to the experimental procedure. Photos not meeCng these requirements, or that are of too low a resoluCon to clearly make out these features, will result in this lab submission being rejected.

Lab 11 The Circulatory System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. Write a paragraph describing the features of the fetal pig circulatory system you observed. ( Hint : Your response should be 6-10 sentences.) The circulatory system of the fetal pig displays several disCncCve characterisCcs that are criCcal for its unique developmental stage. To begin with, the fetal pig possesses a ductus arteriosus, which serves as a shunt connecCng the pulmonary artery to the aorta. This shunt allows a porCon of the blood to bypass the developing but non-funcConal lungs, enabling it to ﬂow directly into the systemic circulaCon. However, this shunt closes aHer birth, redirecCng blood to the lungs for oxygenaCon. AddiConally, the fetal pig features a foramen ovale, an opening between the atria of the heart. This opening facilitates the redirecCon of oxygenated blood from the right atrium to the leH atrium, bypassing the fetal lungs. Similarly, the foramen ovale closes upon birth as the lungs assume their oxygenaCon role. Another unique aspect of the fetal pig's circulatory system is the ductus venosus, which diverts some blood directly from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver. These adaptaCons are vital for the fetal pig's survival in the amnioCc environment, but they undergo significant changes to adapt to postnatal life.

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BIO202 Lab 11

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