BIO202 Lab 12

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Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Student Name: Ani Harutyunyan Access Code (located on the lid of your lab kit): AC-BX89CU Lab Report Format Expecta0ons U"lize college level grammar and professional forma4ng when comple"ng this worksheet. Submissions without proper forma4ng, all required photos or suﬃcient responses will be rejected. Pre- lab Ques,ons 1. The experiments in this lab cover the lympha9c system. Provide a brief overview of this system. Include a discussion on the structures involved, its purpose and the cells involved. ( Hint : Your response should be 5-6 sentences.) The lympha9c system cons9tutes an essen9al component of our body's immune and circulatory systems, comprising a complex network of vessels, nodes, and organs, including the tonsils, spleen, and thymus. Its primary role involves the transporta9on of lymph, a colorless ﬂuid that carries white blood cells and waste products, throughout the body. Lympha9c vessels, akin to blood vessels, convey lymph to various lymph nodes, serving as checkpoints for filtra9on. These nodes act as security sta9ons where harmful microorganisms and foreign par9cles are captured and neutralized by specialized immune cells. A fundamental func9on of the lympha9c system is to regulate ﬂuid balance by collec9ng surplus inters99al ﬂuid from 9ssues and returning it to the bloodstream. This mechanism helps prevent the development of edema or abnormal swelling. In summary, the lympha9c system assumes a cri9cal role in immune defense, the maintenance of ﬂuid equilibrium, and the promo9on of overall well-being.

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 1: EXAMINING THE MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. In this experiment, you will review slides containing cells from lymph nodes and from the spleen. Describe the specific func9ons of these 9ssues. Are they similar or different? How? Lymph nodes and the spleen fulfill dis9nct yet interconnected roles within the immune system. Lymph nodes primarily engage in the filtra9on of lympha9c ﬂuid, where they intercept and react to pathogens. Conversely, the spleen operates as a blood filter, tasked with the elimina9on of damaged blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. While both these 9ssues contribute to immune surveillance and response, lymph nodes primarily target lympha9c ﬂuid, whereas the spleen predominantly deals with blood-related func9ons.

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Data and Observa,ons 1. Label the arrows in the following two slides. A. Lymphoid Follicle B. Germinal center C. Connec9ve 9ssue capsule D. Medulla E. Red Pulp F. White Pulp

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Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. Are there more afferent or efferent vessels aXached to a lymph node? What is the func9onal purpose of this? Lymph nodes possess a greater number of afferent vessels than efferent vessels. Afferent vessels transport lymph that may contain poten9al threats into the node, enabling immune cells to mount a response. Conversely, efferent vessels convey filtered lymph, dissemina9ng the immune response. This configura9on ensures effec9ve immune surveillance and defense mechanisms. 2. What structural similari9es did you observe between the lymph node and spleen? The lymph node and spleen exhibit structural resemblances, featuring common elements such as a fibrous capsule, white pulp containing lymphocytes, lymphoid follicles, and par9cipa9on in immune func9ons

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 2: VIRTUAL MODEL - THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. In what areas are lymph nodes clustered? Why is this desirable? Lymph nodes are grouped in areas where the likelihood of encountering pathogens or foreign par9cles is elevated, such as the neck, armpits, and groin. This clustering is advantageous as it heightens the body's capacity to detect and react to poten9al threats, resul9ng in more eﬃcient immune responses. 2. Explain how the ﬂow of lymph is controlled through lympha9c vessels. Lympha9c vessels regulate the ﬂow of lymph through various mechanisms, including muscle contrac9ons, one-way valves, respiratory movements, and the presence of smooth muscle in larger lympha9c trunks. These mechanisms guarantee the orderly movement of lymph in one direc9on, facilita9ng its transit through the lympha9c system and contribu9ng to immune func9on.

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Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Data and Observa,ons Insert screenshot of the spleen below.

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Insert screenshot of the thoracic duct below.

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Insert screenshot of the axillar lymph node below.

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Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. Is the cisterna chyli or the spleen more medial to the spinal cord? The cisterna chyli is situated in a more medial posi9on in rela9on to the spinal cord when compared to the spleen. 2. What is the name of the most superior lymph nodes in the head region? The uppermost lymph nodes in the head region are referred to as the submandibular lymph nodes 3. Where are the popliteal nodes located? The popliteal nodes are situated within the popliteal fossa, which is the depression at the rear of the knee. 4. What are the most inferior lymph nodes in the body called? The lowest lymph nodes in the body are termed the inguinal lymph nodes. 5. What component of the lympha9c system filters lymph from the upper limbs and upper external part of the thorax? The axillary lymph nodes are responsible for filtering lymph from the upper limbs and the upper external part of the thorax within the lympha9c system.

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L EXPERIMENT 3: FETAL PIG DISSECTION - THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Introduc,on Ques,ons 1. Consider Step 7 of the procedure. Why do you think the procedure is specifying these specific regions? Step 7 designates these regions because they represent typical loca9ons of lymph nodes in both pigs and humans, playing a vital role in the filtra9on and surveillance of the lympha9c system. 2. Consider the organ observed in Step 8. Do humans have this same organ? Research the answer to this ques9on and discuss below. Indeed, humans possess the same organ as the one observed in Step 8, which is the thymus. PosiEoned in the upper chest, just behind the sternum (breastbone), the thymus is a significant component of the immune system. It exhibits parEcular prominence during childhood and adolescence, where it assumes a crucial role in the maturaEon and development of T lymphocytes (T cells), a type of white blood cell integral to immune responses. While the thymus tends to diminish in size and acEvity as individuals age, it retains its importance as an essenEal part of the immune system throughout one's life.

Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Data and Observa,ons Insert a high resolu9on photo of the fetal pig you observed at the end of the experimental procedure, before you prepare it for storage . Your photo must include: ● Your handwriXen name and access code must be clearly visible in the background. ● The organs studied in Step 9 are clearly visible. Photos not mee9ng these requirements, or that are of too low a resolu9on to clearly make out these features, will result in this lab submission being rejected.

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Lab 12 The Lymphatic System BIO202L Results and Discussion 1. What observa9ons did you make regarding the lympha9c system of the fetal pig? ( Hint : Your response should be 6-10 sentences long.) In my examina9on of the fetal pig's lympha9c system, I encountered certain diﬃcul9es. Loca9ng lympha9c vessels and nodes proved to be a challenge due to their small size and delicate nature. However, organs like the spleen and thymus were compara9vely easier to iden9fy. The spleen presented itself as a ﬂaXened organ in the abdominal region, while the thymus displayed a lobular structure near the heart. Although pinpoin9ng specific lymph nodes posed challenges, it was clear that they tended to cluster around major organs and regions suscep9ble to pathogen exposure, such as the neck and armpit areas. These observa9ons underscored the cri9cal role of the lympha9c system in immune defense and ﬂuid balance, despite the complexi9es in iden9fica9on. Notably, lympha9c vessels ofen followed a parallel course with blood vessels, underscoring their func9on in draining surplus inters99al ﬂuid and returning it to the bloodstream. 2. Compare and contrast the vessels of the lympha9c system and the circulatory system. ( Hint : Your response should be 3-4 sentences long.) Lympha9c vessels and blood vessels share structural similari9es and u9lize one-way ﬂow mechanisms. Nevertheless, differences emerge in the substances they transport (lymph versus blood), their points of origin and termina9on (9ssues versus the heart), and the inclusion of specialized structures for filtra9on and immune ac9vity (such as lymph nodes in lympha9c vessels). Blood vessels are chieﬂy responsible for conveying oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, while lympha9c vessels are involved in maintaining ﬂuid balance and bolstering immune responses.

BIO202 Lab 12

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