War of the Grapevines - Janei Manigault

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College of Charleston *

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Biology

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Apr 3, 2024

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Janei Manigault Bio 112-12 War of the Grapevines Case Study Part I: 1. What is meant by symptoms and signs of plant diseases? What do these terms refer to and why are they important? Symptoms and signs of disease in plants are shown in traits such as wilting, yellowing, and stunted leaf growth, essentially signs of poor health. ±is is important because it helps us determine how to diagnose the plant and determine what can be done to treat its disease. 2. What are some questions that Jason should ask his mother concerning the care and culture of her vines? Why are these questions important? Jason may want to ask his mother how o²ten she watered her vines, how much sunlight the vines are exposed to, and if she uses any chemicals, like fertilizers. ±is is important because the care that the vines are receiving can directly result in its declining health. 3. Do you think the problem found on the grapevine is a disease, insect, or physiological/cultural problem? What is the basis for your answer? Are you positive? Why or why not? I believe Jason’s mother’s grapevine could be a³fected with a diagnosable disease as a result of environmental factors/stressors due to the leaf wilting and branch withering. I feel this because it seems as though the issues found in her vines are externally caused and due to the fact that his mother said a few months ago they were thriving. Part II: 4. What is xylem? Name the cell types that make up the xylem. What produces xylem cells in a growing plant? ±e xylem is a part of the vascular system in plants that carries water and nutrients. ±ey are dead at maturity and they are composed of tracheids and vessel elements. ±e vascular cambium produces xylem in growing plants.

Janei Manigault Bio 112-12 5. How does xylem transport water from the roots to shoots? Use the diagram & the book to help you answer the question. (Include: xylem, soluble minerals & nutrients, hydrogen bonds, cohesion, adhesion, stomata, hydrophilic, transpiration) ±e xylem transports water as well as soluble minerals and nutrients from the roots to the stems and leaves of plants. ±e cohesion-tension theory encompasses the process that the xylem undergoes. Water is drawn into the roots and then the xylem by the negative water potential that evaporation produces. Essentially water is uptook from the soil, it is then pulled out of the xylem by cohesion (where hydrogen bonds are formed between water molecules) and tension, then pulled up by cohesion and adhesion (the adhesiveness of water molecules and the hydrophilic cell walls of plants). Finally, transpiration draws water from the leaf due to the stomata being open for gas exchange of photosynthesis. ±is creates negative pressure. When the stomata is shut, water is held in the leaf and stem by adhesion and cohesion. 6. Define transpiration. Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant, from the root to the shoot, and it involves the evaporation of water from aerial parts such as the leaves. ±is process eliminates excess water and occurs in the stomata. 7. Explain how the action of guard cells allows for the control of water loss. Guard cells in plants control water loss by regulating the opening and closing of the stomata which are pores on the leaf surface. When guard cells are swollen, the stomata is open meaning water is being taken up. When guard cells are shrunken, the stomata is closed and water is being lost. 8. What process within a plant would be a±fected if the xylem didn’t function properly? If the xylem did not function properly within a plant crucial processes like photosynthesis, plant growth, and transpiration would not occur. Without the xylem the plant cannot transport water to its leaves and this would in turn impede upon necessary properties of the plant, causing it to wilt, and eventually die. Part III: 9. What type of pest may have infected Jason’s mother’s vines? Sap-feeding insects such as white´lies, stink bugs, and lea´hoppers are examples of pests that were harmful to the plant’s xylem vessels and caused a blockage due to the growth of bacteria, in

Janei Manigault Bio 112-12 turn causing the plant to have browning leaves which appeared to be leaf scorch. ±ey more than likely infected Jason’s mother’s vines with the disease by feeding on the xylem ´luid. 10. Is Pierce’s disease treatable? What are some current strategies used by winemakers & viticulturists to manage symptoms? Some grapevines can recover from Pierce’s disease but the date of infection and temperatures are factors that contribute to its rehabilitation. Viticulturists recommend removing vines that have symptoms of the disease as it is essential since they are unlikely to recover or produce significant crops. Applying insecticides to the grapevines to remove vectors is a preventable measure to reduce the risk of Pierce’s disease.

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