Cell Structures worksheet

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Cell Structure Some prokaryotes have external structures for movement called ___ Flagella and pili ____ They are made of a protein called___ Fligellin ___. The way these structures move is _ Run or tumble ___ Prokaryote flagella are embedded into the _ Cell __ __ Membrane ___ by the basal body If a bacterium changes its shape, it is said to be __ Pleomorphic bacteria ___ in shape. The glycocalyx of prokaryotes is composed of__ polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both _ The glycocalyx of prokaryotes come is two forms. Explain Slime layer- loosely attached to the cell surface, thin, and water-soluble Capsule- Composed of organized repeating units of organic chemicals, thick, firmly attached to the cell surface What are advantages of a capsule? Prevents bacteria from recognized and destroyed by immune cells and it protects the cells from drying out Spirochetes move with a special type of flagellum called__ endoflagella __ One external structure that successful pathogens have to attach to surfaces is __ flagella? ___ Another structure, similar but longer is __ pili __. Explain the functions of this structure. It is composed of _ pilin __. The function of pili is that it joins two bacterial cells and mediates the transfer of DNA from one cell to another a function called conjugation. A bacteria cell wall is made of __ peptidoglycan __. List the component parts of the bacteria cell wall Chains of NAG and NAM are attached to other chains by tetrapeptide cross-bridges: Bridges may be covalently bonded to one another Bridges may be held together by short connecting chains of amino acids There are two types of bacterial cell walls, called Gram Positive and Gram negative. Describe their differences. Gram-positive cell walls contain a thick layer of peptidoglycan, and teichoic acids as they are covalently linked to lipids, forming lipoteichoic acids that anchor the cell wall to the cell membrane. Gram-negative cell walls contain a thin layer of peptidoglycan, a bilayer membrane composed of phospholipids, channel proteins porins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Which cell wall type includes an outer membrane? What is it made of? The cell wall with an outer membrane is the peptidoglycan cell wall, which contains lipopolysaccharide Acid-fast cells walls have a coating of what substance? _ mycolic acid _ Name two genera that are acid-fast Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Cell Structure Name a genus of bacteria that does not have a cell wall. Mycoplasma Describe a plasma membrane naming its components and structures. The plasma membrane contains lipids, proteins, and carbohydrate groups How do prokaryotic cell walls differ from Eukaryotic cell walls? Prokaryotic cell walls contain a rigid cell wall that provides a shape to the organism. Eukaryotic cell walls don’t have a cell wall but plants do. Describe diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a high concentration of the molecules to a lower concentration Which types of movement across the membrane are passive and do not require energy? The types of passive processes of transport is Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis, Isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, Hypotonic solution Which require energy? Active transport and group translocation Which type of movement across a membrane is unique to Prokaryotes? Group translocation is unique in the prokaryote Describe the prokaryote chromosome. How does it differ from a Eukaryote? What about ribosomes? In prokaryotes, the circular chromosome is contained in the cytoplasm in the nucleoid. In eukaryotes, all the cell's chromosomes are stored inside the nucleus. The eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA coiled and condensed around nuclear proteins (histones). Eukaryotic cells typically have multiple linear chromosomes, prokaryotic cells typically have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic ribosomes consist of a 60S subunit and a 40S subunit, prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of 30S and 40S subunits. In general what are inclusions? Give examples Inclusions are stored nutrient substances, secretory products, and pigment granules Name two genera of bacteria that produce endospores. Are they Gram - positive or negative? Bacillus (Gram-positive), Clostridium (Gram-positive) True or False: Endospore formation is a form of reproduction.

Cell Structure For every question above about prokaryote structure, compare any analogous structure that could be found in a Eukaryotic cell. What are the differences? Prokaryote Eukaryote Nucleus Absent Present Membrane-bound organelles Absent Present Cell structure Unicellular Mostly multicellular; some unicellular Cell size Smaller (0.1-5 μm) Larger (10-100 μm) Complexity Simpler More complex DNA Form Circular Linear Examples Bacteria, archaea Animals, plants, fungi, protists Plasma membrane Simpler, more uniform membrane structure without cholesterol More complex and variable membrane structure with cholesterol Cytoplasm Cytoplasm simply means everything found inside the plasma membrane (lack a nucleus) Cytoplasm is everything between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope Ribosomes 30S and 40S subunits 60S subunit and a 40S subunit Know the names and functions of eukaryotic organelles. Organelle Function Nucleus The “brains” of the cell, the nucleus directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA. Mitochondria Make energy out of food Ribosomes Make protein Golgi Apparatus Make, process and package proteins Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes to help break food down Endoplasmic Reticulum Called the "intracellular highway" because it is for transporting all sorts of items around the cell. Vacuole Used for storage, vacuoles usually contain water or food. Plant cells also have: Chloroplasts Use sunlight to create food by photosynthesis Cell Wall For support

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