Genetics of Salivary Amylase: Chewing Starch Worksheet Analysis

EXERCISE NINE: GENETICS AND CHEWING THE STARCH WORKSHEET Name Section Date Salivary Amylase Assay Results (8 points) Fill out the table with readings from the standard curve done by the instructor, and the reading from your sample. Table One. Amylase Assay Results Units/mL Absorbance (405 nm) 0 0 59.7 0.14 119.4 0.25 179.1 0.41 238.8 0.53 298.5 0.6 358.2 0.79 417.9 0.96 477.6 1.13 Your Sample 0.17 Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 1

Figure One. Standard Curve fore Amylase Assay What is the formula for the regression line? Y=0.0425-.0516 What is the r 2 value for the line? 0.9924 What does the r2 value tell you about this line? This means that approximately 99.24% of the absorbance can be explained by the amount of amylase X in the regression line is the amount of amylase while Y is the absorbance. Rearrange the formula: Y=0.0425x-0.0516 What is the concentration of amylase in your sample based the formula? 7.303 Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 2

Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 3

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Figure Two. Calibration Curve for Amylase Copy Number What is the formula for the regression line? 0.0425 What is the r 2 value for the line? 0.7652 What does the r2 value tell you about this line? 76.52% of the amylase can be explained by the number of the copy number using the regression line X in the regression line is copy number while Y is the units. Rearrange the formula: X = 0.0425 What is the copy number for amylase in your sample based the formula? 1 *No one has a copy number of zero. If your number is less than 1, put in 1. Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 4

Figure Three. Class Amylase Copy Number Distribution What is the range of copy numbers in the class? 1-3 What is the sample size? 14 What is the mean copy number for the class? 2.636 What is the most common copy number? 2 Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 5

Salivary Amylase Assay Analysis (8 points) Population Data Figure Two from the reading is on the checklist. It shows amylase gene distributions for different populations. Write a short answer addressing the following points. Which population does your class distribution most resemble? Does this fit with the self-assessed heritage of your class? If it does not what is a possible reason? Giving that the mean is approximately 3.636 and a size of 14 we can conclude the class distribution most resembles in population. Its challenging to make direct correlation about specific heritage since it can vary among different ethnic groups due to factors such as evolution, and migration pattersn. Individual Data The reading discussed the possible physiological effects of having low (1-3) or high copy ( 4 or greater) numbers of the amylase gene. Write a short answer addressing the following points. Do you fall into a low or high copy number group? What health advice applies to you based on your copy number and the information in the reading? I fell into a low copy number group giving myself a 0 zero copy number. Nutritional counseling, Enzyme replacement therapy, Monitoring regularly, Dietary modifications, and my lifestyle consideration. Amylase Genetics The amylase genes are close together on chromosome one. Since they are close together, the genes on one chromosome are rarely affected by recombination in Prophase I of Meiosis. For genes like this, each chromosome has a haplotype which, in this case, is the simply the number of amylase genes on one chromosome. Using shorthand, the haplotype for one chromosome Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 6

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could be AMY 5 and for the other chromosome, AMY 6. The genotype would be AMY 5/AMY 6. Figure Four below shows common haplotypes found in a European population. The most common haplotypes have an odd number of AMY1 genes. Figure Four. Common Amylase Haplotypes in a European Population. Modified from Figure One from Usher et al (Usher et al., 2015, Structural Forms of the Human Amylase Locus and their Relationships to SNPs, haplotypes, and obesity, Nat Genet 47(8): 921-925). The figure above shows that for AMY 1 there are haplotypes that have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 copies. Of course, each person has two copies of the chromosome which carries the amylase gene. A person with a TOTAL copy number of 6 could have a haplotype of 3,3 since this adds up to 6. But they could also be 4,2. Can you use these numbers to come up with what your haplotype might be? No (Put in Yes or No) If Yes, what are your possible haplotypes? My total copy number is My haplotype(s) could be If NO, what type of haplotype copy numbers would you need? 0,0 0,1 1,0 Using a Punnett Square to Predict Possible Offspring. Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 7

A Punnett Square is a simple way to use genotypes to predict the possible offspring from a genetic cross. See the Amoeba Sisters video for an example of a monohybrid cross. For the AMY1 locus, the haplotypes act like a single allele since recombination (crossing over) rarely separates these during meiosis. Your instructor will help you pick two parents to do a Punnett Square cross. What are the genotypes of the parents? AH2 X AH3 Draw out the Punnett Square for this cross. We can classify salivary amylase phenotypes into low (2-3), medium (4-6) and high groups (7+) So your possible offspring can be categorized both for total number of AMY1 genes and which group they are in. List the possible offspring from your cross, there total number of AMY1 genes and which group they fall into. Is it possible to have offspring that are higher or lower than the parents? Yes Explain why or why not? I say yes, it is possible for a offspring to have different number of copies of a gene than their parents and can occur due to several factors. Chromosomal abnormalities can change the number of copies in a gene or entire chromosomes. Ex. 9 Chewing the Starch Worksheet- 8

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BIO_120_Exercise_Nine_Genetics_and_Chewing_the_Starch_Worksheet_V2_F2023

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