Module 6 Lab Report

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Broward College *

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BSC2010L

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Module 7 Lab Report Enzymes Student Name: Part 1: Spectrophotometry Use what you learned about spectrophotometry in the virtual lab to answer the following questions. 1. Using the absorbance spectrum above, what wavelength would you set the spectrophotometer to when running an absorbance spectrum for an enzyme? 280nm The following graph is a Bradford Standard Assay using Bovine Serum Albumin. This is a common standard used to develop a standard curve. A standard curve is used to estimate the concentration of an unknown sample by determining its absorbance and then comparing that value to set of standard known concentrations. In protein analysis, Bovine Serum Albumin is the protein used in standards.

Using the above standard curve, what is the concentration of protein in a sample with an absorbance reading of 0.87? 1.70 Using the standard curve, what i s the concentration of protein in a sample with an absorbance reading of 1.25. 2.4 What were the concentrations of the standards used in the assay above? 0mg/ml 0.25mg/ml 0.50mg/ml 1mg/ml 1.40mg/ml 2mg/ml What other uses for a standard curve do you think there are? (How can this concept be used in in situations outside determining protein concentration? Determining the concentration of glucose. Part 2: Experimenting with sugars and fermentation For this part of the lab, you were asked to create your own experiment using yeast in order to determine which sugar provided the best fermentation for baking bread. Use your data from your experiment to answer the questions below. Don't forget to upload pictures of your experiement results with your lab report. 1. What sugars (carbohydrates did you select to test? Sugars 2. What enzyme were you testing the specificity of? Zymase 3. What carbohydrate was the enzyme able to hydrolyze? Disaccharides

4. Which sugars were not metabolized by the yeast? The sugar substitutes such as stevia sweet n low and swerve. 5. What end result were you observing for fermentation? I was observing the size of the balloon because during yeast fermentation CO2 is produced which causes the balloons to inflate and seeing which sugars and sugar substitutes created the most fermentation. 6. Would increasing the amount substrate the yeast had access to result in more or less fermentation? Explain I would have resulted in more fermentation because the more sugar that is available to metabolize would result in more CO2. 7. Would increasing the yeast concentration have resulted in a more intense fermentation with sucrose? Why or why not? Yes, because there would be more yeast cells present which would result in a faster metabolism with sucrose and cause more CO2 gas to be produced. 8. Would increasing the yeast concentration have resulted in a more intense fermentation with the sugar substitute? Why or why not? No because sugar substitutes are not fermentable by yeast because they do not contain glucose and fructose. 9. Why does fermentation no longer occur after the dough it is in is baked? When baking the enzymes that are responsible for fermentation break down and are no longer able to catalyze the chemical reaction. 10. Would dough rise if you kept it in the refrigerator? a. Why or why not? It will still rise just at a slower rate because yeast rises at a higher rate when in a warm environment. 11. If you used vinegar instead of water to make the sugar solution for the yeast in a bread recipe, would the yeast still continue to ferment the sugar? a. Why or why not? No because vinegar is an acid and it can disrupt the functions of the yeast enzymes and produce less CO2. Use the graph on the right that compares enzyme reaction rates with substrate concentrations when different inhibitors are present. Use the data presented on the graph to answer questions about the use of an enzyme inhibitor. Inhibitors are

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often used in the pharmaceutical industry to create medications to regulate enzyme activity. Examples of Types of Inhibitors: § Methotrexate is a competitive inhibitor drug. It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and ultimately disrupts DNA replication processes in cancer cells. § Tacrine is a non-competitive inhibitor drug used to treat mild dementia. It reversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetycholine. § Camptothecin is an uncompetitive inhibitor . These types of inhibitors bind to the enzyme-substrate complex, resulting in decreased enzyme concentration over time and prevention of enzyme product. This drug component binds Topoisomerase I when it is bound to DNA and prevents DNA replication in cancer cells. 1. Some inhibitors are reversible while others are permanent. Why do you think it is important in medicine for some inhibitors to be reversible? It can control and regulate the enzyme activity. Reversible inhibitors allow us to easily adjust the activity of enzymes based on what's happening in our bodies. This helps us respond to different situations or needs more effectively. 2. The graph represents the V max of three different drugs against an enzyme involved in cardiac arrest. When a person goes into cardiac arrest, this enzyme is produced by the body in large quantities, causing cardiac muscle to contract more tightly and aggressively. If given early during cardiac arrest, these drug compounds can prevent the action of that enzyme and prevent excessive cardiac damage and even death. Using the graph, which drug do you believe is most effective at preventing permanent cardiac muscle damage? Explain your selection B: competitive inhibitor because it reaches its peak the quickest.

Module 6 Lab Report

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