Cumulative Quiz 5

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BIOL-100

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Dec 6, 2023

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Name: General Biology Cumulative Quiz 5 Date: Free Response 1. What molecules cannot pass through the cell membrane? 2. What molecules canot pass through the cell membrane? 3. Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy originally stored in each glucose molecule catabolized by cellular respiration is stored in what molecule? 4. True or False: Water can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds. 5. What is are the three roles of microtubules in cells? 6. Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic disorder that results in cellular accumulation of very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which of the following organelles is most likely defective in Tay-Sachs disease? 7. True or False: In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration.

8. What is the molecular diversity arising from variation in carbon skeletons and provide an example for each? 9. A patient is prescribed a medication that specifically targets the organelle responsible for protein synthesis within the cell. Which cellular organelle is the primary site for protein synthesis, utilizing genetic information from the cell's nucleus, and is a key target for this medication? 10. A young adult attends a homecoming event and consumes a large quantity of alcohol, leading to alcohol poisoning. As a medical professional, you are concerned about the potential cellular damage this may cause. In the context of alcohol poisoning resulting from excessive alcohol consumption, which organelle in the cells is most likely to be affected, potentially leading to cellular damage? 11. Van der Waals interactions may result under what conditions? 12. What are noble gases and give two examples of noble gases? 13. How are the hydrogen bonds formed between water molecules? 14. True or False: Carbon can form both polar and nonpolar bonds.

15. A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? Multiple Choice: 16. ATP is synthesized in plant cells by chemiosmosis in which of the following processes? A) photosynthesis only B) cellular respiration only C) photosynthesis and cellular respiration D) photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation 17. Viagra causes dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the penis, which helps to maintain an erection. Viagra acts by inhibiting which of the following events? A) hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP B) hydrolysis of GTP to GDP C) dephosphorylation of cGMP D) formation of cGMP from GTP 18. Students in a biology lab isolated cells in various phases of the cell cycle. A population of cells that have 1 1/2 times the DNA of G1 phase cells was most likely isolated from which of the following parts of the cell cycle? A) between the G1 and S phases B) in the G2 phase C) in the M phase D) in the S phase 19. A drug could inhibit the release of glucose from liver cells by having which of the following effects on the liver cells? A) activating epinephrine receptors B) increasing cAMP production C) blocking G protein activity D) increasing glycogen phosphorylase activity 20. Consider the following pathway: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP Which of the following molecules serves as the second messenger in this pathway? A) cAMP B) G protein C) adenylyl cyclase D) G protein-coupled receptor 21. At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several

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organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogen and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many different effects? A) Estrogen is produced in very large concentration by nearly every tissue of the body. B) Each cell responds in the same way when steroids bind to the cell surface. C) Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells, not able to bind it at the surface. D) Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each with different responses. 22. At which phase of the cell cycle do centrioles begin to move apart in animal cells? A) anaphase B) telophase C) metaphase D) prophase 23. If a cell at metaphase of mitosis contains 32 sister chromatids, how many chromosomes will be present in a G1 cell? A) 8 B) 16 C) 32 D) 64 24. If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO 2 containing heavy oxygen ( 18 O), which of the following molecules produced by the algae (refer to the accompanying figure) would be least likely to contain 18 O in subsequent analyses? A) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) B) 3-phosphoglycerate C) ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

D) ADP 25. If all chromosomes are not attached to the mitotic spindle at the M phase checkpoint, the cells would most likely be arrested at which of the following points in the cell division cycle or mitosis? A) telophase B) prophase C) G2 D) metaphase 26. The figure represents the nucleus of an animal cell about to enter mitosis. How many different chromosomes are present in the diagram? A) 1 B) 4 C) 8 D) 16 27. In a human karyotype, chromosomes are arranged in 23 pairs. If one of the autosomal pairs is examined, which of the following characteristics will the two chromosomes of the pair have in common? A) length and DNA sequence B) alleles and centromere position C) loci and staining pattern D) X-like shape and alignment on the metaphase plate 28. Cells from a diploid protist with n=1 are followed through mitosis and meiosis. The drawings in the figure below represent the chromosomes. Refer to the drawings and answer the following question(s).

Which diagram represents anaphase I of meiosis? A) I B) II C) IV D) V 29. Caffeine is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Therefore, the cells of a person who has recently consumed coffee would have increased levels of which of the following molecules? A) phosphorylated proteins B) cAMP C) adenylyl cyclase D) activated G proteins 30. Genetic variation leads to genetic diversity in populations and is the raw material for evolution. Which of the following statements best represents the connection between reproduction and evolution? A) Plants that use sexual reproduction are rare since this type of reproduction in plants does not contribute to genetic diversity and evolutionary pressures select against them. B) In order for evolutionary pressures to affect sexually reproducing organisms, mutations must occur in the zygote after fertilization. C) Since prokaryotic organisms reproduce asexually, they have no mechanism to add genetic diversity for evolutionary pressures to act upon. D) Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation because random mutations can be shuffled between organisms.

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Bonus Question (15 points): If a plant biologist succeeds in generating a single plant with a particularly desirable flower, which of the following approaches would be the most efficient way to generate more plants with this trait? A) backtrack through her previous experiments to obtain another plant with the same traits and cross the two

B) breed this plant with a plant that does not flower C) clone the plant D) force the plant to self-pollinate

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