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Braydon Ordyna Library Lab Primary Source from Media Article : The proximate-ultimate distinction and the active role of the organism in evolution 1) R amsey, G., Aaby, B.H. The proximate-ultimate distinction and the active role of the organism in evolution. Biol Philos 37 , 31 (2022). https://doi- org.byu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10539-022-09863-0 The main research hypothesis in this article is that organisms can play an active role in their evolution. In this article, they talked about a few different examples of proof for this hypothesis. One such example was a dove and a fox. When a dove is placed in the presence of a fox, it flies away. The fox did nothing to harm the dove, but it instinctively flew away. The testers of this hypothesis predicted that the choices the organisms made reflected on the evolution of the species. The results of their tests showed that organisms that made correct decisions of survival versus the ones that did not, had an evolutionary advantage. The testers of this hypothesis were able to conclude that organisms do have some amount of control over their evolution. Evolution does happen naturally through certain variables, but they can also happen by choice. Five Supporting Primary Sources : 1) Ernst Mayr's 'ultimate/proximate' distinction reconsidered and reconstructed Ariew, A. Ernst Mayr's 'ultimate/proximate' distinction reconsidered and reconstructed. Biology & Philosophy 18 , 553–565 (2003). https://doi- org.byu.idm.oclc.org/10.1023/A:1025565119032 Evolution can be caused by external factors as well as the organisms own decisions. They test their hypothesis by examining populations based on environments organisms are placed in. They predicted that organisms that are able to choose to adapt to environments will have a population that is far greater than those that don’t. The actual results confirmed their hypothesis. Organisms that had the chance to choose to adapt had far greater populations than those that didn’t. Organisms choices about adaptation can affect their populations. Evolution is affected by the choices the organisms make. 2) The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution Bateson, P. The Active Role of Behaviour in Evolution. Biology & Philosophy 19, 283–298 (2004). https://doi-org.byu.idm.oclc.org/10.1023/B:BIPH.0000024468.12161.83 The article explicitly states,” First, animals make active choices and the results of their choices have consequences for subsequent evolution.” This article states that, “If a population of animals should change their habits (no doubt often on account of changes in their surroundings such as food supply, breeding sites, etc., but also sometimes due to their

exploratory curiosity discovering new ways of life, such as new sources of food or new methods of exploitation) then, sooner or later, variations in the gene complex will turn up in the population to produce small alterations in the animal’s structure which will make them more efficient in relation to their new behavior pattern; these more efficient individuals will tend to survive rather than the less efficient, and so the composition of the population will gradually change.” These researchers modified each of the stated variables. The “more efficient” organisms will survive more often than those that don’t choose to adapt. The results of their tests confirmed their hypothesis. As organisms choose to adjust to their surrounding environments, those that choose to adapt in the most efficient manner will survive the most often. 3) A new factor in evolution Baldwin, J. M., & Search for more articles by this author. (1896, June 1). A new factor in evolution: The American naturalist: Vol 30, no 354 . The American Naturalist. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/276408 The hypothesis for this paper is, “How does an organism come to be modified during its life history?” They test their hypothesis by exposing organisms to “chemical agents, strains, contacts, hindrances to growth, temperature changes, etc.” Organisms that adjust by means of structure, intelligence, and habit tend to survive better than those that don’t. The data supported their hypothesis. Slight modifications in the organisms enabled them to survive better. Organisms that are able to modify factors of their own being such as intelligence and habits are most likely to survive compared to those that don’t. 4) The role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary innovation P., M. A., Armin P. Moczek Armin P. Moczek Department of Biology, Moczek, A. P., Armin P. Moczek Department of Biology, Sultan, S., Sonia Sultan Department of Biology, Foster, S., Susan Foster Department of Biology, Ledón-Rettig, C., Cris Ledón-Rettig Department of Integrative Biology, Dworkin, I., Ian Dworkin Department of Zoology, Nijhout, H. F., H. Fred Nijhout Department of Biology, Abouheif, E., Ehab Abouheif Department of Biology, Pfennig, D. W., David W. Pfennig Department of Biology, & Al., E. (2011, June 15). The role of developmental plasticity in evolutionary innovation . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2011.0971 The question most observed in this article is--how does developmental plasticity offer significant insights into the origins of evolutionary innovation? They looked at a broad range of species of organisms and tested the adaptation capability of each one. The researchers predicted that organisms with a higher level of “plasticity” would result in a greater chance of survival. Organisms that could adapt to their situations the easiest saw higher survival rates when compared to those that couldn’t adapt as easily. When an organism has a higher level of plasticity, the organism can adapt to its environment easier. As a result, the organism is more likely to live.

5) The Causal structure of Evolutionary theory Ramsey, G. (2016). The Causal structure of Evolutionary Theory . Taylor & Francis Online. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://www-tandfonline- com.byu.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1080/00048402.2015.1111398 The main hypothesis for this article is centralized around the question of what actually causes structural evolution? They took the path of statistics and observation to try and determine the cause. The scientists predicted that organisms can evolve from a number of different factors such as fitness, driftability, and natural selection. The scientists found evidence of evolution from causes such as fitness, driftability, and natural selection. Organisms draw on multiple factors to adapt to their environment including natural selection, gene driftability, and species fitness. Review Article : Evolution and the Flexible Organism: Do environmentally induced changes to individuals affect natural selection, and if so, how? Pfennig, D. W. (2022). Evolution and the Flexible Organism: Do environmentally induced changes to individuals affect natural selection, and if so, how? Gale Academic Onefile. Retrieved September 10, 2022, from https://go-gale-com.byu.idm.oclc.org/ps/retrieve.do? tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&hitCount=1&sear chType=AdvancedSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE %7CA716605923&docType=Article&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=ZONE- MOD1&prodId=AONE&pageNum=1&contentSet=GALE %7CA716605923&searchId=R1&userGroupName=byuprovo&inPS=true The title of this article clearly states the question for the research hypothesis; “Do environmentally induced changes to individuals affect natural selection, and if so, how?” They chose to subdue and observe tadpoles that were placed on a different diet of plants versus meat. The scientists predicted that the tadpoles that the tadpoles would change to adapt to the diet that they were being fed. The tadpoles that had the plant based diet were strictly vegetarian and had a different shaped head that their carnivorous counterpart. The environments in which organisms are placed has a significant role on how the organisms will react.

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