Week 9.2_Mitosis

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Mitosis Week 9 – Wednesday October 18, 2023
Today’s Learning Objectives Understand the process of mitosis including the individual stages and the various structures that are involved in the division of the nucleus and cell.
Review of Monday’s Lecture A cell’s double stranded DNA is its genome. Prokaryotes have a single, circular DNA in its cytoplasm, the nucleoid . There are also small circular DNA called plasmids that have a small number of genes that can be expressed. Plasmids may pick up DNA from its environment or from other bacterial cells. This gives it a means of genetic recombination. Eukaryotes have linear DNA in the form of chromosomes that remains in the nucleus of the cell. Number of chromosomes variable and specific for each species.
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Review of Monday’s Lecture Multicellular organisms normally have pairs of chromosomes that are the same length and have the same genes on the same location of the chromosomes. These are homologous chromosomes . The pair of homologous chromosomes are derived from the maternal and paternal parents of the progeny. Although the same genes are on each homologous chromosome, they may express different traits. Such differences in expression of genes are called alleles . If alleles differ in homologous chromosomes, they are heterozygous . If they are the same, they are homozygous .
Review of Monday’s Lecture The cell cycle is the division of a parent cell that to give rise to two daughter cells that are genetically identical. There are two phases of the cell cycle. Interphase , which may be further divided into the following phases: G1 phase S phase G2 phase Mitotic phase, which may also be further subdivided into the following phases: Mitosis (today’s topic) Cytokinesis (also today’s topics)
Terminology New and Old The following terms will be utilized in going over the process of mitosis: Centriole : Structure made up of nine circularly arranged triplet microtubules. Functions in formation of microtubules spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis. Centrosome : A structure composed of a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar matrix . https://microbenotes.com/centrosome / Centriole Distal End Centriole Proximal End Microtubule Centrosome Structure X-section, showing triplet microtubules, 9+0 arrangement.
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Terminology New and Old The following terms will be utilized in going over the process of mitosis: Chromatin : Composed of DNA and histones packaged into a stringy fiber. Chromatin undergoes further condensation to form the chromosome. https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/chromatin.html Schiessel (2018)
Terminology New and Old The following terms will be utilized in going over the process of mitosis: Chromatid are formed during division of the nucleus in mitosis and meiosis when chromosomes replicate to produce two genetically identical strands. Two chromosomes Replication of chromosomes results in formation of chromatids. chromatids
Terminology New and Old The following terms will be utilized in going over the process of mitosis: Two proteins, cohesin and condensin catalyze the condensation process. Condensin coils the chromatids into a highly compact form. Makes it shorter and thicker. Cohesin holds the sister chromatid together at the centromere area where the sister chromatids are typically visualized as forming an “X”.
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Terminology New and Old The following terms will be utilized in going over the process of mitosis: Kinetochore is a large proteinaceous structure that forms on chromatid during cell division. Attaches to a spindle fiber and pulls chromatids apart.
Mitosis What is it and why is it important? Mitosis is a way of making more cells that are genetically the same as the parent cell. Kind of like cloning. It is important: In the development of the embryo stage in organisms. For growth of development of the body of organisms. For producing new cells to replace cells that have become damaged or old. Mitosis consists of five phases: prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase . The term mitosis is the division of the nucleus. Normally, cell division also occurs. The process of cell division is cytokinesis .
Mitosis Prophase (We will use an animal cell in going over mitosis). Chromosomes looked like a lot of spaghetti during interphase. In prophase they become condensed with the aid of condensin and are visible as sister chromatids. Sister chromatids joined at the centromere with the aid of another protein, cohesin . Mitotic spindles formed from centrioles in centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell. Sister chromatids Nucleus Centrosomes with two centrioles Mitotic spindles Nucleolus
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Mitosis Prophase Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears. Prometaphase Mitotic microtubules spindles now attach to chromatids at their kinetochores in centromere area . This allows for movement of the chromosomes Kinetochores Centromere Mitotic microtubules spindles
A. They have become shorter and thicker because of the action of condensin. B. They fluoresce when they are going through mitosis. C. They are arranged in an orderly fashion so that they can be seen. D. They have become shorter because of the action of cohesion. Starting with prophase in mitosis, we are able to see the chromosomes because:
Mitosis Metaphase Chromosomes now move to equator of the cell. Mitotic microtubules spindles are attached to each kinetochores originating from opposite poles of the cell. Equator of cell Anaphase Cohesin holding chromatids together break down. Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell. After separation of chromatids, they can now be called chromosomes. Spindle poles
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A. The chromosomes become shorter and thicker B. The nuclear membrane disappear. C. The nucleolus disappear. D. All the chromosomes are arranged in a line along the equator of the cell. What is the defining characteristic of metaphase?
Mitosis Telophase Chromosomes are at opposite poles of the cell. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reforms. Chromosomes “ decondenses ” Mitotic microtubules spindles break down. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and will separate the two daughter cells. Nuclei
A. Cohesin breaks down and allows the chromatids to be pulled apart. B. Microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids and pull them to the opposite poles of the cell. C. The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell. D. Both A and B are correct. The following occurs during anaphase:
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Cytokinesis Began during anaphase of mitosis Contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments . Intercellular bridge Intracellular vesicles During anaphase the cell begins to elongate and furrow begins to form. Contraction begins at blue band on illustration, contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments causing deepening of furrow. As furrow deepens, intercellular bridge forms, and fusion of intracellular vesicles will give rise to more membrane in cells.
Cytokinesis Plants do not form furrows and do not have actin to contract cell. They have a cell wall , over their plasma membrane , which prevents furrowing anyway. What happens instead: Cell wall Plasma membrane https://mrleehamber119.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/mitosis-cytokinesis-plants.jpg
A. True B. False Cytokinesis occurs the same way in plants and animals:
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Summary Mitosis is the division of a nucleus to give rise to two genetically identical nuclei. Mitosis is divided into five phases: Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Telophase Cytokinesis is the division of the parent cell into two cells. In animal cells, it begins during anaphase by forming a furrow that contracts the cell and eventually cleaves it into two cells. Plant cells cannot furrow and cleave off into two cells because of the presents of a cell wall. During anaphase, the formation of a cell plate forms at the equator of the cell, followed by formation of a cell wall.
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