Week 8.3_Biotechnology

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Biotechnology Friday, October 13, 2023 – Week 8
Summarizing Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Regulation of gene expression can occur at any time during protein synthesis. Epigenetics: Control that involves changes to genes that do not alter the nucleotide sequence of DNA and are not permanent. Changes normally occurs to present cells and individuals but are not passed to later generations. Contrary evidence in Agouti mice. Characteristics can be passed on to next generation based on maternal diet.
Summary of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Heterochromatin: Tightly packed nucleosome are closed chromatin. RNA polymerase cannot bind to gene and read it. Thus, gene is turned off. Methylation is one means by which gene may be turned off by making it inaccessible. Euchromatin : Nucleosome are loosely packed and genes can be read and transcribed. Acetylation is one means by which chromatin is made accessible for transcriptional activity. Histone octamer made up of four proteins, two of each protein to form octamer.
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Summary of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Enhancers: Upstream of promoter, thousands of nucleotides away to activate transcription of gene at higher rate by binding to TFs. Very distal enhancers are brought to closer proximity of promoter by chromatin looping mechanisms: DNA bending protein Transcription factors and mediator proteins Distal control elements Enhancer Activators Enhancer Transcription factors
Summary of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes Alternative Splicing results in pre -mRNA encodes proteins that are slightly different from each other by arranging the exons in different combinations after introns removal: Different combination results in diversity in gene products called isoforms.
What Is Biotechnology Defined in your text as “The use of biological agents for technological advancement”. Term is recent, but concept has been around a long time. However, advancement in this field has been growing rapidly in recent years. Has application in many areas, e.g., forensics, agriculture, industry, medicine, etc.
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What Is Biotechnology Biotechnology has been in use for a long time. It was in the selected breeding of plants and animals. Dogs, cats, pigeons and various plants to name a few that have been bred for selected characteristic altering their appearance from their original ancestors.
The First Biotechnology Breeding by humans selecting desirable characteristic have changed appearance from their original ancestor. All dogs are members of the species Canis familiaris and descended from an ancestor similar to Canis lupus , the Gray Wolf. Canis lupus
The First Biotechnology Rock Dove Pigeon is the wild type that was domesticated about 5,000 years ago. All domesticated varieties are derived from the Rock Dove. Rock Dove
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The First Biotechnology Artificial selection can greatly change appearance of species. Brassica oleracea var. oleracea Has been bred to form many other varieties of vegetable plants:
The First Biotechnology Broccoli Cabbage Cauliflower Collards Kohlrabi Kale Brussels Sprouts
The First Biotechnology It has been argued that use of breeding of plants and animals is equivalent to genetic engineering and that such animals are genetically modified. It has also been rebutted that in the breeding of animals, it is not possible to insert DNA into an organism from one that it is not related. For example, moving genes from a virus to a plant.
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Big Data in Genetics What does genetic data look like? Comparing sequences and looking for differences. Geneticists document the occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Common genetic variation among people. Approximately 4 -5 million SNPS throughout genome Each SNP represents a difference in a single nucleotide, e.g., a SNP may replace cytosine (C) with thymine (T). Used in helping genes associated with disease, predict responses to drugs, risk of developing disease and more.
Genomics Genomics is the study of sequencing and comparing the entire genome sequence of organisms. This is a phylogenetic tree of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19. It was based on the whole genome sequencing of the virus and was used to determine the source and transmission of coronavirus and its mutations. A phylogenetic tree is like a family tree.
Genomics Schematic map shows the introduction of the virus from China to the United States and China: 1. China to United States (Washington). 2. China to California 3. China to Italy 4. Europe to New York City
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The occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms between individuals is called: A. An ESTs B. SnRNAs C. SNPs D. Thymine dimmer.
What is the B asis of B iotechnology ? Molecular biology : Biological research into the structure and function of macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and Protein. Recombinant DNA: Combining the DNA of two organisms, one is the donor and the other recipient. Recipient is referred to as a transgenic organism or more commonly a genetically modified organism (GMO)
Creation of T ransgenic O rganisms ? We have previous had an example of inserting the gene for human insulin in the plasmid of a bacterium to produce insulin. Prior to use of Humulin, insulin was derived from pancreases of cows and pigs. Insulin is not a GMO!
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Creation of T ransgenic O rganisms ? Johnson & Johnson, and Astra Zeneca Covid -19 Vaccines Utilized Transgenic Organism. Single dose. Vaccine stable for 2 years when stored at -4ºC and 3 months at 2-8ºC. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55302595
Recombinant DNA is produced when: A. The joining of two DNA fragment within cells of the same organism. B. The joining of a DNA sequence from one organism into another organism. C. The joining of two or more DNA fragments. D. The sequence of DNA is reordered within the same cell.
Transgenic organisms Organism (recipient) in which DNA has been inserted from a different organism (donor) Example is BT Corn: Gene from Bacillus thuringiensis for Cry1 protein that selectively targets European corn borer is inserted into corn as natural pesticide. Credit: Edwin Remsberg European corn borer eats corn leaf resulting in consumption of Cry1 protein
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Transgenic organisms Papaya Ringspot Virus: Devastated local papayas in 1992. Papayas were genetically modified to be resistant to virus at UH with collaboration from Cornell University. Resistant varieties were inserted with a virus gene. Two resistant varieties are available, “Rainbow” & “ SunUp ”.
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Transgenic organisms Papaya Ringspot Virus http://www2.hawaii.edu/~doisteph/Papaya/rainbow.html Read more about Hawaiian genetically modified papaya.
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GMO are highly regulated Lots of evidence must be provided to show: Does not cause disease. Does not cause allergies. Does not become a weed. Does not harm wildlife. Does not reduce the nutritional content. Much more.
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What is your opinion on GMOs? A. Theyʻre bad and unsafe. B. Donʻt see any problems with them. There is no evidence that they are harmful. C. Donʻt have an opinion.
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CRISPR - Cas9 Refers to how bacteria defend themselves from viruses. CRISPR is an acronym that stands for C lustered R egularly I nter S paced P alindromic R epeats, a region of bacterium DNA. At this region are two kinds of DNA sequences: Repeats: Regions of nucleotides repeated over and over. Spacers: In between the regions of nucleotide repeats. What were they? https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2019.00002 Bacterium has natural resistant to virus (immunity). Since it is encoded into its DNA, the immunity is also passed on to the generations of cells that the bacterium will give rise to.
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CRISPR - Cas9 What is its potential use? Supposed there is an identified sequence that is causing a health issue. Cas9 is a protein that contains two nucleases that cleave DNA strands. A guide RNA (gRNA) is synthesized in the lab that contains the sequence of the health issue. The gRNA and Cas9 are put together to form a ribonucleoprotein complex and inserted into cells.
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CRISPR - Cas9 What is its potential use? Supposed there is an identified sequence that is causing a health issue. Once inside the gRNA will search for the sequence of DNA that is complementary to it. Once found, the Cas9 nuclease will cut out the targeted sequence. Insertion of corrected sequence can be added to replace the one causing health issue..
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CRISPR - Cas9 Has been used to edit genes in treatment of AIDS, birth defect, blood and bone marrow cancer and more. There are, however, ethical issues! Ethical concerns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0HvLaXOhEY
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Summary We have been altering the genetics of living things going back to domestication of plant and animals. It has been argued that breeding of domestic plants and animals is the same as creating transgenics. Breeding of domestic plants and animals does not utilized transfer of genes to unrelated organisms that cannot take place naturally. Genetic engineering is able to efficiently alter DNA for beneficial use that we covered, but some applications have been controversial. See video on editing the embryo of human embryo by biologist in China.
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